Please correct the translation of the text, taking into account the original http://www.proza.ru/2011/05/19/1099
Ust-Ohta Peter
Please carefully examine http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm, cited below. It is a vivid example of what can be achieved in the study of millennia past and Russian archaeologists and other specialists in large-scale financing and integration efforts. But population geneticists could study the skull and bones of the DNA and identify at least haplogroup.
It has long been argued that in relation to the ancient settlement near the mouth of the Neva River, all the conclusions politicized http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0016/001b/00161253.htm. And what's Zolin wrong? http://www.proza.ru/avtor/zolinpm&book=3 # 3; http://www.proza.ru/2008/11/27/140;
http://www.proza.ru/2008/11/25/185; http://www.proza.ru/avtor/zolinpm&book=23 # 23; http://www.proza.ru/avtor/zolinpm&book = 20 # 1920; http://www.proza.ru/avtor/zolinpm&book=19 # 19, etc.
What's excavations in the area of Ust-Ohta cosmopolitans zaboyalis? If neomasonstvo hard vtyuhivaet birth of the city at the mouth of the Neva since germanofila "Peter", the real science sees here the traces of settlements from the Neolithic period. It neomasonstvo and annoying.
"I do not (======== Ohta P. Zolin; sawwa_spb http://save-sp-burg.livejournal.com/1486975.html). From this city itself. This is far from complete, and yet only approximate, a list that is fraught with Ohtinski Cape:
1) Swedish fortress Nyenskans years 1611-1702,
2) Novgorod settlement Neva Estuary (Ust-Ohta) 14-16 centuries
3) Crusader fortress of Landskrona years 1300-1301,
4) the strengthening of Novgorod 12-13 centuries
5) Varangian fortress Kiyan 06.09 ages (?)
6) The settlement of the early Iron Age (from 3 thousand years ago until the middle of I millennium BC),
7) most unique park of the Neolithic (VII-III thousand years ago).
It really is "Russian Troy"! Here are just a small list of questions, mysteries, mystery, whose solution to a great extent to look for it here - on the territory of Okhta Cape (and on the whole territory of St. Petersburg):
1) History of the Ice Age in the Neva;
2) the emergence of the Baltic Sea and Lake Ladoga;
3) Mystery of the Neva (she's only 2500 - 4000 years old!)
4) the first people on the entire northern Eurasia - is found here, at Okhta (!)
5) mystery of the legendary Hyperborea, and the cult of Apollo's Hyperborean;
6) magic mill Sampo from the Karelian-Finnish epos "Kalevala" (Vyaynemeynen buried it somewhere here);
7) Stay St. Andrew in the Neva and the Valaam;
8) the first Russian prince Rurik to Neva (and with it "all Russia");
9) the mystery of origin of most of Russia - as the ethnic group, country and state;
10) Finno-Ugric peoples, the Celts, the Goths, the Baltic Slavs, Vikings, Normans in the Neva;
11) the beginning of the path "from the Vikings to the Greeks" (finds underwater archaeologists!)
12) the history of Landskrona in connection with the general history of the Crusades and the spiritual orders of knighthood (platypus, Teutons, Livonians, the Hospitallers, the Templars), the search for the Holy Grail ...
... The list goes on and complement a very long time! ..
History Neva - Ingria - Ingria - still not understood and not written! ..
Must immediately stop all construction work on Gazprom Ohtinskom cape! Need to seriously keep archaeological, geological and other studies related with the whole complex puzzles and problems Okhta memorial! There is still - the most unusual, the most significant discoveries! ..
No monument oligarchic capitalism height of almost half a kilometer - a comprehensive historical and archaeological museum-reserve and powerful scientific, cultural and educational and Education Center - a real temple of history and culture - this is what should be a city and country, and this is what should be created here! And this is what we must begin a true revival - and St. Petersburg and across Russia!
Here, Anatoly Kirpichnikov Okhta the uniqueness of the memorial:
http://svpressa.ru/society/article/16584
... And there is an excellent comment! ..
http://save-sp-burg.livejournal.com/1486975.html
Damascus - 12 000 years, Jericho - 11 000 years, the Bible - 9000 years. Famous Catal-Giiyiik in what is now Turkey - is 9,500 years old and 14 construction horizon, and excavated only the 30th part of the settlement. All these figures are quite arbitrary, as important discoveries occur almost every year, and humanity - and human culture - are all old and older, all the more mysterious and complicated ...
Ohtinski memorial - and, above all, Ohtinskom Neolithic settlement - is actually an archaeological and historical sensation - but know and understand it, to this day, practically, only in the narrow circle of specialists. And the sad fact that specialist historians still can not quite clearly, simply and clearly articulate the revolutionary (yes!) the essence of this discovery and its importance not only for historical science - but also for world culture, and - to bring it to broad masses. Understanding of this discovery can really play a huge role in the spiritual awakening in Russia, in her recovery from mental and physical degeneration ...
http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
Preliminary results of the protection of the archaeological excavations at the mouth of the Ohta
In the years 2006-2009. St Petersburg Archaeological Expedition North-West Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage (Heritage GIS), IIMK RAS conducted to protect the archaeological research in the area of proposed construction UDC "Ohta" at Krasnogvardeyskaya Sq. 2. Onsite Heritage Fortress Nyenskans "Ohta-1.
In the job as head of the excavations (chiefs of sites and excavations) will be specialists, archaeologists from the IIMK RAS, GIS Heritage State. Hermitage State. The Museum of Ethnography, St. Petersburg Gos. University, Institute Georekonstruktsiya: Sorokin, P., Gusentsova TM, Popov, SG, Semenov, SA Mikhailov, KA, Polyakov AV, hospitals, IP, Vasil'ev . A., Andreeva, OV, Ivanov AV, Gookin, VD, Akhmadeeva MM, Korotkevich BS, Stoyanov RV Kutimov JG, Chistov AE , Sharovskaya TA Bazarov, VI, Praslova MN, Ekimov, AA, Garbuz IA Selezneva S., Kozlov M.M, Borzov, VI, Novoselov NV, Novoselova NA Kuznetsov, AV, Pishchulin SA, Vorotinskaya LS, Vorotinsky AV, Glukhov VO, Gromov M., Mokrushin VP, Sirotova LV, Sokolov AV Fiippenko RV Palaguta IV, Suslov, P., Petrov, AP, Glybin VV, Savinov J., Karamyshev AV, Purses A. P. Travkin SN
In participating specialists, archaeologists from other Russian regions and CIS. Modern members of the expedition is about 200 people. Additionally, the grunt work of moving the waste ground by teams of workers hold a total of 100 people.
In carrying out science research workers involved geological and Biological Faculty of the St. Petersburg State University, the staff of the Russian State Pedagogical University. Alexander Herzen, and the Institute of Limnology RAS. In the works involved students, graduate students and faculty of St. Petersburg State University, Russian State Pedagogical University. AI Gertsen Leningrad State University. Alexander Pushkin, the State Architectural-Construction University, St. Petersburg University of Culture.
Preliminary conservation and restoration of archaeological finds is accomplished by the archaeological expedition under the supervision of State. Hermitage and IIMK RAN.
Archaeological excavations have been financed of UDC "Ohta" in accordance with the law on cultural heritage sites in 2002 Providing archaeological work: dismantling the foundations of buildings XIX-XX centuries, the removal of waste ground, installation of heating and sheds in winter, pumping of groundwater carrying out construction contractors.
During excavations in the area about 25 thousand m2 were identified and studied cultural layers and construction of the Neolithic - early metal, medieval, new age. Neolithic layers up to 2 meters distributed in about 10 thousand m2. Strengthening of Landskrona, studied to date occupy an area of about 12 thousand m2 were also found to strengthen Nyenskans - two periods of its existence. By area, excavation of these major works on Russian territory.
Neolithic - Early Metal (VII-III thousand years ago). In the central part of the Cape in about 9500 m2 at a depth of 3-5 m were found layers of Neolithic times capacity of 1.1-2.3 m.
According to the radiocarbon datings parking in this area arose from V to III thousand years ago. They relate to the time preceding the formation of the Neva River and are the first Neolithic, found on the coast of the Neva. At elevations ca. 0.4-0.7 m was found a layer of organic material from treated wood. Therefore, in connection with the depth may antiquating those dating to the VII thousand years ago. Their further study will provide a qualitatively new scientific information to address these global scientific issues such as time and nature of this territory by ancient people and the formation of the Neva River.
The monument is located on a promontory formed by the rivers Neva and Okhta. Cultural layers of ancient settlements in the Neolithic-Early Metal found under a layer of sterile sand to a depth of 3-5 meters a year after the start of work on Okhta. The settlement relates to the type of sites of multiple occupation. Studies conducted by several settlements of the excavation, united by a grid of squares and the observance of uniform methodology for the study of cultural layers. Stratigraphy of the cultural strata and the distribution of finds traces the sequence of settlement in the Cape during the late V-III-beg. II century BC
Duration habitat of the ancient population in the study area is confirmed by the different conditions of formation of cultural deposits. The upper layers of the settlement related to the cultural remnants of the early metal can be described as coastal (marine). Depositional environment characterized by fluctuations in water level. With decreasing water level formed beach sands, in which people settled. Clearly reveal two layers of coarse sand, reflecting the continental conditions of their formation and the increased use of space settlements by ancient people.
http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm (cited above)
Profile of the southern wall section 1 with sampling at sporopyltsevoy, geochemical,
radiocarbon, the hydrodynamic conditions of sedimentation. View from the north
On settlement balances recorded more than 40 ancient buildings - homes, farm and fishing holes. The pits are filled with discoveries of fragments of vessels and stone tools. Anthropogenic origin wells was confirmed by X-ray analysis of samples of the layer. Along with the wells identified "residential area". Center of the site are ochazhnaya pit, around which were the vessels. Pottery, mostly mixed with organic or asbestos, is decorated with prints of a comb punch, scored, patching depressions. Identified the place of stone, where the concentrated polishing tiles, abrasives or accumulations of waste rock material. Found a variety of instruments from oil shale - arrowheads, adzes, axes. Often there are arrowheads from flint and other implements of flint and quartz. In the upper layer of the settlement opened two graves. Together with burials found amber necklace of 15 pendants.
Refreshment Ohta-1. Polished stone tools: an arrowhead, Tesla. http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
In the lower cultural layer, the combined dark silt deposits with layers of sand and organic matter, the remains of Neolithic settlements. Of particular interest are the decking platform. Two types of objects. The first consists of patches of organic oval or rectangular shapes, square meters 03/06/1912, which include layers of sand, wood chips, poles, fallen pillars to the next. Spots are located around the perimeter of the vertical columns of diameter 0.10-0.15 m, depth up to 1.0 m. Trasologichesky analysis showed that the poles were treated with stone axes.
Wooden flooring platform, the Neolithic era. View from vostokahttp: / / www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
Fragment machined part in the construction of the platform, the era neolitahttp: / / www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
Near spots organics were detected bark plummets and fragments of pottery with a comb-patching and comb ornament. Another design is presented in the pit area of more than 30 square meters, filled with dark-gray sandy loam with a depth of 0.8 m. In the upper layer of the pit between the horizontal poles near traced a thin layer of wood chips (1-2 cm). On the floor and the edges of the pit were several layers of sticks of different length, width 2-2.5 cm beneath them found twigs, bark, tree nuts, pressed leaves of trees, poles, treated poles and pieces of wood. In the central part of the structure and its edges are traced series of vertical poles (about 20 pcs.). Found slate and birch bark weight. Near the pit and beneath it were found fragments of pottery. A few plants found 4 unique finds baskets made from the bark of a tree. Perhaps the decks have economic or commercial purpose. The latter assumption, to some extent confirmed by the findings seven clusters of sticks found near the described objects. The area of each of the clusters reaches 2.5-3.5 sq.m. Obviously, they are remnants of structures such as fishing vertices. We found a few large commercial wells, combined ditches at the bottom and next to that found dozens of pointed stakes driven into.
Boxes http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
Material culture of settlement is represented by several groups of pottery, a variety of stone tools and a set of amber jewelry. To determine the characteristics of ceramic production was analyzed mineralogical and geochemical composition of the molding composition, technological methods of production; identify the sources of raw materials. Identified five major groups of pottery. All dishes made from local clays.
Refreshment Ohta-1. Vessel, ornamented comb stamp
Era of the early metal (III millennium BC) http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
In exile gathered expressive collection of products from oil shale, chert and quartz. Of flint arrowheads manufactured numerous leaf-shaped double-sided processing retouching. Trasologichesky analysis of products made of flint and quartz showed a variety of economic activities of ancient populations. In addition to the arrowheads, are cutters of wood and bone, scrapers, knives, scraper, nail file. Of particular interest is a series of products from oil shale: long and short ground arrowheads (10 cm) with a flattened nasadov; numerous polished slate bars the kerf at the two ends (Georgia), adzes, axes, grinding slabs and abrasives. On one of the grinding plates revealed traces of metal processing products. Found decoration - Chip shale rings with teeth on edge. Used, and others - hard rock stone of construction picks, chimes for grinding of minerals, etc.
Slate sinkers, flint
On the territory of the settlement found a significant amount of jewelry made from amber. They are teardrop pendants or trapezoidal shape with a straight base, rounded buttons with the holes in a V-shaped, one of them has a notch on krayu.http: / / www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
Amber jewelry (such as it identified MP Zimin in Neolithic graves under Borovichi, but she had a thousand times less money)
http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
Settlement "Ohta-1" is one of the unique objects with the preserved remains of wooden structures that are open in the forest zone of Eastern Europe.
Bronze Age, early metal, the Roman period 3 thousand years ago - Ser. I millennium BC Findings of these earlier eras virtually unknown in the basin of the Neva River are presented in the study area unit finds: stone axes, fragments of ceramic vessels, jewelry. In two cases traced ochazhnye well. These findings suggest a permanent human presence on this territory of the historical periods.
The Middle Ages Ser. I thousand - in 1700 in the central part of the cape was discovered ditch traversing the Cape in the latitudinal direction, tracked for about 80 m. Its width does not exceed 4 m in the upper part and the depth of up to 2 m. On top, after filling, it was blocked by a tree-earthworks Landskrona. Any dating of finds in him was found. However, given that its route was cut ditches and covered facilities Landskrona in 1300 can be attributed to the earlier time. Rove could be part of the fortifications cape settlement that existed here before the foundation of Landskrona and belonged to Novgorod, or dependent on him Izhora.
Causeway and the north wall of the FAS platforms http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
Landskrona facility in 1300 were first discovered and studied an area of about 12000 m2. They represent the remains of the castle moat - external and internal, as well as a rectangular platform of wood and earthen structures on the inner area of the fortress.
Plot early pit prior Landskrona http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
The excavations were investigated covered with trenches and ditches Landskrona different periods of existence Nyenskans. Previously, there are three stages of their construction. Two lines of trenches, relating to the fortress of Landskrona and parallel to each other, have been traced to the eastern side of the Cape - along the river Ohta for about 100 meters and the south - outdoor party for about 100 m. The tree-earthen platform that served to align the platform and the base ground of the castle, took all the interior space of the fortress. In its basis - the series of wooden crates 8-16 m wide, oriented along the castle moat, and laid at a distance of about 10 meters from them. The platform is built of wood, turf and sand. Best line of cages were kept in the lowered, the western part of the fortress. On the south side of the tree-earthen structure stretches along the east-west for more than 45 m, its width is about 16 m, and the preserved height - more than 2 m. In the southwestern part of the wall at an angle of 90 ° turns north and continues over 35 m, and then goes to the western side of the excavation. The width of the sections of the wall is over 8 m, preserved height is 3 m. On the outer and inner sides of the construction of reinforced beams and slabs, which at the junction of stacked overlapping. Its base structure is partly on the ancient ground surface, vegetation, which has been previously burned, and in areas with low relief in the form of the duct, it stands on the causeway from softwood and hardwood.
Plot of internal ditch Landskrona http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
Plot of internal ditch Landskrona c remnants of burnt wood http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm (partly confirmed the seizure and destruction of this fortress Novgorod, is known and on record)
In the western part of the inner area of the fortress was discovered carcass construction of medieval times - Tower of Landskrona. Reason it was Admitted to the ancient ground surface below the current level of the Neva River at 2 pm The plan is a square 5.5 x 5.5 m, with a preserved height of more than 4 m.
North-east corner tower Landskrona. View from the outside
http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
The tower was cut down from large diameter logs calibrated to 30 cm in the leg. Inside the carcass, charred at the top have been traced by cutting logs, as well as remnants of flooring - decking on two levels and other structural details. On the wall logs were notches, indicating a production log on the side. In the sand filling of the tower were found charred logs and boards, showing a strong fire, stones of various sizes, iron slag, and medieval items. Identified tower is a rare example of medieval wooden fortifications in Northern Europe. The tower is within the fortifications of the fortress, could represent an observation post on the banks of the Neva River, inside which there was a well. Medieval wooden dungeon, which is unparalleled in the Russian and European Archaeology, temporarily preserved on the site of occurrence, and requires further study and preservation of its removal.
Log cabin base of the tower, the view from the inside http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
Outer moat Landskrona, trapezoidal in cross section, with a flat bottom width of about 15 m, preserved to a depth of 2.4 m. The walls of the pit that had angle of about 40 °, were reinforced by dislodging wooden block, stacked on a slope close to each other. Bottom, they were fixed longitudinal block and close Kolov driven into the ground. In the 14-15 m along the outer moat was located on a design similar to the inner moat, a width of about 11 meters, a depth of 2.8 m. On the domestic side of the pit were investigated burnt wooden construction walls. In them and in the bottom of the ditch filling - were found petiolate and socketed crossbow bolts, arrowheads, spears and arrows of the ballista, which can be dated abroad XIII-XIV centuries.
Fragment of Trench Landskrona
Judging by the finds made at the top of the filling of both ditches were completely filled up only in the XVII century. during construction Nyenskans. In these layers, filling the southern side was found about two hundred redeposited burial. They cluster in two places - in the outer moat - were obvious signs of reburial.
Reinterment of the remains in the outer moat Nyenskans (polyethnical city) http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
Late settlement. Layers related to the late medieval settlements of the local population (Russian and Izhorskiye) XIV-XVI centuries. in this area have been re-deposited during the subsequent fortification and pereplanirovochnyh works. However, a significant number of artifacts of the time, mostly fragments of ceramic vessels, as well as some unique finds, such as a crucifix, indicate the existence of the settlements here this time. To this same period, mainly applies to the existence of this late-medieval burial ground is located, apparently, near the church on the outskirts of the settlement.
Holes in the skulls in a mass grave http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
The late medieval burial ground. Remains of burial (50), in wooden coffins, put together by iron nails, surviving mostly in fragments, were found in the sandy sediments on the left bank of the river Ohta in 350-400 m from the river mouth. They date back to pre-XV-XVIII centuries. and relate to ground burials Identified in 1993-1998. The depth of burial of the historic ground surface was only about half a meter. Buried lying on his back the heads of the southern and south-westerly direction. Any things in the majority of graves were found. Isolated finds: knives, crucifix, coins. To date, burial found in the area about 1000 m2. In this case, the approximate area of the cemetery is about 3000 m2. Judging from the ceremony and dated the finds, the appearance of burial grounds in the area due to the lifetime of this late medieval Russian-Izhora settlements. However, it was used and at a later time at least until the XVII century. The question of the possible location of graves of soldiers who died here of Peter in the assault Nyenskans in 1703, needs more testing.
Nyenschantz. Landskrona following the construction phase of the castle on the headland between the Neva and Okhta can be attributed to the early decades Nyenskans. During this period, the location of the moats of the fortress changed. Their walls are made at an angle of about 60 ° reinforced turf plate of a width of about 1.5 m, preventing them from slipping. The eastern and southern sides of the fortress by a moat, with its inner side, have been traced two parallel lines of turf nests, are probably related to the base of the rampart.
The third stage of fortification works associated with the complete redevelopment of fortifications Nyenskans after the war years 1656-1661. When there was built a fortress with five bastions and two gating ravelins. Plot ditch adjacent to the south-eastern Gate of the fortress between Charles and the Dead bastions and front flank of the bastion has been investigated fully - for about 50 m.
Slope of the ditch again erected a fortress, which had a slope of about 50 °, there was faced with laying sod to a width of 1.5-1.8 m. At the base of a sod laying at the bottom of the wooden crate was located in 2 crown an overall height of 0,7-0,8 m. It was of two parallel lines of logs, laid along the slope of the ditch at a distance of 1.5-1.8 m from each other, joined together by cross vrublennymi. The ends of the crossbars, turned to the wall of the pit were far enough behind the line of the longitudinal beams and been deepened in the mainland side. Thus achieved greater rigidity of the whole log-sod construction. At 3 m from the wall of the ditch revealed a log palisade - a series of fence that has been preserved to a height of 1.2 m. The line is parallel to the Gate of the palisade and bastions flank, repeating their shape, although the project plan it was to match the contour of the outer side of the ditch.
In the left flank Charles bastion between palisade and ditch sod wall at a height of about 1 m above the bottom of the wooden platform was located, probably served as a reference to flanking fire. It was based on a log granary, lying at the base of a sod wall ditch and wooden poles, scored in his bottom. The length of the platform along the flank of the bastion, was about 9.6 m. In the southern part of the platform had signs of significant damage wooden structures due to the shelling. Here were found several fragments Mortar bombs. Remains of a similar platform and marked at the right flank of the Dead bastion.
On-site junction south-eastern curtain to the Dead bastion investigated the secret passage, representing a staircase down into the moat. The walls of the coated boards. By the walls of the mainland boards clamped and fixed vertically standing columns with a diameter of 0.2 m. The course was closed frame structure. For the best waterproofing ceiling secret passage was covered with sheets of bark in several layers. The total height of the resulting free space does not exceed 1.5 m. On the side ditch backdoor locked wooden door. Secret passage, which had a slope angle of about 30 °, would lead either to Poterna, or cutting the shaft, could go out into the courtyard of the fortress. Using it can be transparent to the besieging forces down into the ditch on a wooden platform at the flank of the bastion and the firing along the line of the stockade. A similar secret passage to a wooden platform, probably had in place landfall southeast curtain to Charles bastion. However, this portion of the fortress was completely destroyed by a concrete structure of the XX century.
Another structure refers to the period, are the remnants of the destroyed platforms, at a location contiguity Wall ditch Gelmfeltova bastion of the fortress curtain. The construction consisted of a rectangular corridor, lined with boards, which led to a rectangular site located on the outside of the curtain. Unfortunately, the strong degree of destruction can not convincingly reconstruct the design of the corridor and the site can only assume that the latter served as a firing point, a shelter for shooters, making a constructive feature of the defense system of the fortress.
External wall of the south-east ditch Nyenskans the second half of XVII century. not the configuration of the bastions of the fortress, and the speakers turned the corner toward the center of curtain. The maximum width of the ditch along the bottom is 28 m. Its outer side, as well as internal, reinforced turf laying 0.6-0.8 m thick, but without log structures. In the center of the pit was dug a ditch to drain a width of about 7 m, depth about 1 m.
Rove Nyenskans, Dead bastion http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
In filling in the ditch Nyenskans traced three layers. Lower - linked to swimming in the moat during the existence of the fortress. Two other layer is characterized by two stages of its filling. The first involves the destruction of the fortress during and after the assault, the second refers to the XIX century. When in the area existed Okhtinskaya shipyard. In filling in the ditch were met by findings of different ages from Neolithic stone tools and pottery Late beloglinyannoy testifying to this territory during these periods to objects of XIX century. By the time the existence of Nyenskans include: fragments of northern European ceramics, Dutch smoking pipes, leather and woven birch bark shoes, Swedish coins nucleus buckshot. Shards of iron Mortar bombs were found directly at the bottom of the fortress and moat in the central part of the fortress. They serve as a vivid testimony to the fierce assault of Russian forces in 1703
Processed Coke http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
On the territory of the Dead bastion, next to his right flank examined the remains of the basement of a log building, who died in a fire. She was buried into the ground at 1.4 m and consisted of a square frame size of 5.8 x 5.8 m. Total traced six crowns logs. In filling out, found a large number of small calcified bones of animals, fragments of cooking pots and stove tiles, fragments of clay smoking pipes and window glass. Finds of coins era of Queen Christina, and the fact that the corner of the house was destroyed by a moat late stage of construction of the fortress Nyenskans, the end of the operation of the building may be restricted 1640-1650-mi for years.
In the central part of the fortress has been well studied from a bar, from the XVII century. Ground-based defenses of the fortress of the second half of XVII century - trees in the sites studied almost did not survive.
Stone building of the XVII century. with a cobblestone floor (one example of "shabby orphanage Finn": PZ) http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
An exception is the stone building, whose base was found in the central part of the fortress. Construction of its southern side was included in the continental layer, and overlap of northern medieval walls of the shaft. Construction in terms of rectangular shape the size of the outer contour 8.10 X 4.10 m, was deepened in the mainland up to 1 m. The total construction area exceeding 110 m2. The walls are built of limestone to lime mortar in the masonry are found fragments of red brick. In the west wall, which is better preserved, traced several columnar construction of rectangular shape. At the bottom of the pillar holes stacked plates. In completing wells found fragments of wooden pillars, red brick, tiles, and a Dutch pipe.
In the southeast corner of buildings built from a flat stone step entrance, which is bounded on one side of pole hole, but on the other corner overlooking the mainland. Inside the building is divided by a stone wall partition into two rooms of unequal area. Paul built paved with cobblestones. In one of the rooms on the stone floor, close to the septum, is oven-domnitsa for brass casting crafts. Furnace in terms of an oval shape with a round bell at the top, from side to level the hearth furnace is a mouth podpryamougolnoy form. On the floor, found pieces of copper slag, copper nails with traces of foundry marriage, objects made of iron, broken kernels, and a large number of Dutch pipes. Judging from the observations, we first had the opportunity to explore the ground-based Frameworks in the basement which was a studio brass casting crafts. Along with the brass casting workshop of the XVII century on the excavation revealed a few more buildings of this era: the carcass structure 2 X 2 m, which let in a medieval moat and a number of commercial wells in one of them among a large glazed ware, glass, leather and fabric found several forged cups with household plots and glazed with cobalt, a Swedish coin dates in 1666, these complexes the second half of XVII century.
Oven-domnitsa in a room with cobblestone floors http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
CONCLUSION
Archaeological excavations at the mouth of the river Ohta 2006-2009. capture the unique cultural heritage that existed in this territory since the Neolithic period to modern times: a complex of Neolithic sites with total area of about 9500 m2, the remains of fortifications fortresses in Landskrona XIII. and Nyenskans XVII century. The concentration of these monuments and well preserved cultural layers here require careful excavation.
Observations of the earthworks in areas of archaeological sites is allowed in exceptional cases - where the cultural layer was completely destroyed. In carrying out protection of the archaeological investigations 2007-2009. in the area of cultural heritage sites "fortress Nienschanz (Ohta-1), destroyed parts of the cultural layer (top, ballast layers up to 1-1.5 m) is treated under the supervision of archaeologists.
The main part of the territory of a cultural heritage site "fortress Nienschanz (Ohta-1) cultural layers and historic buildings are well preserved, as demonstrated ongoing excavations. Into uncharted territory there are the remains of fortresses and Nyenskans Landskrona, burial, and the layers of Neolithic sites, which have the highest historical and cultural value. This is supported both by the presence of these objects in adjacent areas where work is carried out at present, and historical documents. Conduct in this area of work in the mode of archaeological observation is impossible, since this would entail damage to the archaeological layers and loss of information contained in it a historical and cultural information, and destroying or damaging it contains archaeological sites. It was found that all known objects beyond the area studied to date. Given the uniqueness of this monument, it is necessary to complete the study on the entire territory of the proposed construction.
Excavations have yielded a qualitatively new information on the fortifications of the medieval and modern times in the river Ohta, in particular - on their planigrafii and constructive device ditches. Identified ditches are examples of fortifications XIV and XVII centuries. and can be muzeefitsirovany as objects of cultural heritage. Since the fortification ditches all periods beyond the investigated area, it is necessary to continue further archaeological research. Buildings of the fortress of Landskrona studied according to preliminary estimates by 60-70%. To date, remained completely unexplored northern line of fortifications and a large part of the west.
According to the available detailed plans of the fortress Nyenskans XVII century. so far excavated about 50% of its defensive structures: part of the Dead, Charles and Gelmfeltova bastions, southern, southeastern and northeastern curtains fortress. The main parts are excavated sites of these castles fall into a zone of the proposed construction, which requires a full investigation of these sections of the monument area. To Landskrona - a northern and western lines of fortifications, for Nyenskans - part above the bastions and curtains, as well as previously unexplored bastion of the Old and the north-west curtain of the fortress.
Burial of the Middle Ages and modern times, must also be fully excavated. Approximate area of distribution - approx. 2 thousand m2. Seized during the excavation of human remains after they are studying, according to regulatory documents should be reburied in a memorial grave.
Must decide on the possibility of preserving and museification identified objects in the subsequent construction here. Identified unique carcass wooden structures: the base of the tower in the XIII., Well, the base of the bridge the XVII century. currently mothballed (filled) in place of discovery. Necessary to solve the urgent conservation of these objects after their removal from the soil, in a separate project and provide special storage conditions.
Obtained in the process of excavation scientific information significantly alters our understanding of the history of the Neva in the region (the background of St. Petersburg). As a result of work conditions exist for the creation of the Archaeological Museum of St. Petersburg, where they can persist and exhibited identified the remains of fortifications and Landskrona Nyenskans in place to detect them, as well as numerous finds from different eras. Should be included in the project of development of the territory of the section on conservation and museification identified archaeological sites. According to archaeologists a unique multi-layered archaeological monument at the mouth of the river Ohta - "St. Petersburg Troy" should be preserved for posterity.
The general plan of archaeological excavations at the mouth of the Ohta
http://www.spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
________________________________________
© Sorokin PE, Gusentsova TM, Popov, SG, Semenov, SA Mikhailov, KA, Polyakov AV, hospitals, IP, Vasil'ev SA, Andreev O . V., Ivanov AV, Gookin, VD, Akhmadeeva MM, Korotkevich BS, Stoyanov RV Kutimov JG, Chistov AE, Sharovskaya TA Bazarov, VI, Praslova MN, Ekimov, AA, Garbuz IA Selezneva S., Kozlov M.M, Borzov, VI, Novoselov NV, Novoselova NA Kuznetsov, AV, Pishchulin SA, Vorotinskaya LS, Vorotinsky AV, Glukhov VO, Gromov M., Mokrushin VP, Sirotova LV, Sokolov AV Fiippenko RV Palaguta IV, Suslov, P., Petrov, AP, Glybin VV, Savinov J., Karamyshev AV, Purses A. P. Travkin SN, 2006-2009.
http://spbae.ru/nien_itogi_2009.htm
http://spbae.ru/map_archeo.jpg
I do not know what to add. And so for most of my articles. Stating only the most recent scientific data, which avoids the politicized scientific officialdom.
Responses told the Free Press "Head of the Department of Slavic and Finnish Institute of Archaeology of the History of Material Culture Sciences, head of the Staraya Ladoga archaeological expedition, doctor of historical sciences, professor, Honored Scientist of Russia Anatoly Nikolaevich Kirpichnikova
SP: - no coincidence the Swedes call their fortress of Landskrona - the "crown lands"?
- They moved in its own name Novgorod village that was on this site - Venchische. Well it's place was not deserted. And the fishermen there since the Viking era moored ships, customs stations could be pilots who carried out the court on the Neva River, the village was in the XII century. Here lived the Finnish and Slavic tribes ...
"SP": - So, thanks to the excavations and the archaeological work to the customer Gazprom revealed that St. Petersburg is not three hundred years, and all eight hundred?
- Of course, this is not the St. Petersburg, the roots of St. Petersburg is Petersburg to St. Petersburg and its prehistory. But the background is very big. Now open that Peter, founding St. Petersburg, very well feel the connection to time and not without reason has taken a risky venture - on the edge of the empire, under the blows of Sweden to build a new capital! Apparently, looking at Nienschanz, Peter realized that there is a strategic location, which should become part of the Russian State. But the Petrine Russia in the excavation is also felt. Here are buried Russian and Swedish soldiers - Sorokin often found the remains of people with bullets. In other words - this is a memorial place.
Yes, we are grateful to Gazprom, which has helped us dig up this point. But then there's a lot of work, unearthed only 60 percent.
http://svpressa.ru/society/article/16584
Within the current Novgorod very timidly approached this scale research only "Rurik Settlement." And then the fibers of the early Iron Age and Neolithic are almost never taken into account. Historians would be ashamed of such a "torn Novgorod's history" in favor of neonormanizma.
=========================== Reality settlement Venchische to Swedish Landskrona controversial. In Synodikon XVI century from a church in Novgorod Borisoglebskaya Plotniki noted: "rest, Lord, beatings on the Neva River from the German by Thy great Prince Alexander and Crown ... beating from the German under Prince Andrew (son of Alexander Nevsky )...».
The question is, that when Prince Andrew Landskrona and was destroyed by Novgorod. Archaeological traces of the fortress is now identified and to Landskrona. This Novgorod Wentz Swedes may have won Novgorod. But the Russian army a year later they took revenge for their defeat. The antiquity of place name says and does it sound in 16 century as Venchische. Such ononimy (such as settlement, Selishche, tract) are often used to indicate places of the earliest settlements in a given county.
Andrei Y. Chernov, participate in professional excavations http://chernov-trezin.narod.ru/author.htm (Lyubshanskaya stone-earthen fortress of the late start of VII-VIII cc. - The ancient "stone bosom" of the Slavs in Eastern Europe, led by expedition on and. Mr.. Ryabinin AE), elaborated on the details of the settlement on the site so Landskrona
In the meantime, back to the question about the name of the initial strength Okhta Cape. I wrote about it here:
http://bashne.net/?p=1806
http://vveshka.livejournal.com/79118.html
However, discuss this topic we have not yet. And in the winter added Coy any new ideas. In short, the question of what your Novgorod fortress on Okhta calls climax (just crowned, rather than translating the Swedish "crown lands") synodic XVI century from a church in Novgorod Borisoglebskaya CARPENTER: "... and the beating of the German Crown Prince Andrew at .
You have found this same gear and you have every right to follow the originator synodic (rows of the crown back to the beginning of the XIV century) to name the first Russian fortress on the territory of St Petersburg as contemporaries called Prince Andrew, son of Alexander Nevsky. (Even if my arguments about the primacy of Novgorod's name for some reason you disagree.)
Nut (Castle Nuts), founded in 1323. And in the XIII century the town at the mouth of the Neva River to be named because the climax of that further north, Russian fortresses was not simple.
The crown has the edge, the crown of the Novgorod region.
OT Wentz to St. Petersburg
If Oranienbaum Russian people cross over to the Rambam, it is even more savage for Slavic ear Nyenskans become a Chancellor, or short like a blow with his whip, - K; endpoint.
Niensha, NC - rusifitsirovanoe from Nyuenskans (Swedish Nyenskans - «Neva strengthening; Fin. Nevanlinna, Russian. Kantz) - Swedish fortress city center Nien (Swedish Nyen) on the Neva River at the mouth of the river Ohta.
But in the epithet Kanets alive and echo to the earlier name.
Venchische - so according to obysknym and census books abroad XV and XVI centuries, known as the place to Ohtinskom cape. It is a memory that once there was a "crown". (For the same lexical model mounds in Russia called the places where once stood the fortified towns.)
Novgorod chronicler tells of how the Swedes in 1300 was called the Roman architect and built a fort at the mouth Ohta: "... and postavisha gorod reign over the Neva to the mouth of Ohta reky ... and narekosha his crown land" (Sofia Chronicle. PSRL, T. 6. Issue . 1. STB. 366). That is, the Swedish crown land.
And how in the next year, Prince Andrei Alexandrovich (son of Alexander Nevsky) took the fort and burned it.
It is believed that chronicles "crown land" - tracing from Swedish Landskrona.
But in Synodikon XVI century from a church in Novgorod Borisoglebskaya Plotniki read: "... and the beating of the German Crown Prince Andrew at."
Here's the full quote:
"Rest, Lord, beatings on the Neva River from the German by Thy great Prince Alexander and reigned governor and novgorodtskyh governor, and all our brethren beating, and beating on Nimetz Ledsam our brethren, and the beating of a German Rakobore our brethren, and the beating of the Crown German with Prince Andrew, and a choice of German, beating our brethren under Prince Yuri, and Orekhov died our brethren, and under the town beating Korelsky from German our brethren, and to Narova beating when Prince Alexander Yaroslavlitse; and Murmaneh, and Pechery and in Perm and Ugra beating our brethren, and at Pskov beating our brethren, and died full of our brethren, and poganskom language, and the beating of his brother Don during our Thy great Prince Dmitry Ivanovich, and under Torzhok beating our brethren from the Prince Michael and zgorevshih fire in Torzhku, and in the New City beating our brethren, and Ruse beating bolyar novgorodtskyh and other fraternity nashyu from Prince Vasili Vasilyevich (see: Shlyapkin IA synodic 1552-1560, the Novgorod church Borisoglebskaya / / Collection of Novgorod Society of Lovers of antiquity. Novgorod, 1911. Vol. 5. C. 6-7 (separate pagination).
In this series all the names of their castles - Slavic, and others (Rakobor, Vyborg) - slavyanizirovannye. But the crown - Novgorod fortress. In 1300, the Swedes it just rebuilt. What did for the monk Novgorodian will call it a Swedish name?
Peter Sorokin told about the Novgorod fort, traces of which are discovered by his expedition Ohtinskom cape. This fort was preceded by the Swedish Landskrona (and, hence, it was some unknown to us the name):
"These lands at the mouth of the Ohta were beyond the reach of floods. It crossed the major road at the time - the water which ran along the Neva River, and land - from Novgorod and Izhora land in Karelia and Finland. Well and good harbor for moorage.
Nevertheless, the opening of a medieval fort cape was a complete surprise to us. After the settlement was not mentioned in any historical documents. In fact, the construction of fortifications on the capes while phenomena often. But in the Neva was not aware of any. Although this is abundant evidence that the Neva was the most important stretch of track, linking Russia with the countries of Northern Europe, <...>
We found the 80-meter wide moat defensive about 3 meters and a depth of 2 meters. And it seems that there is a wall behind him. From it the remains of the shaft. And in the ditch found massive wooden details, which I think were part of the fortress walls. Grounds wooden structures were found at the inner site of the ancient city. Moat of the first fortress was clearly filled in 1300 prior to construction Landskrona.
http://www.spbvedomosti.ru/print.htm?id=10271123 @ SV_Guest
If the Swedes, who took in the year 1300 Novgorod fortress themselves invented the name "Crown (land), then for one year of the fortress, it would not have survived in folk memory and became a Venchische. But apparently, the only trace Russian occupiers "Venice", adding the «lands». (The fact that the crown at the same time it lost its side, that is far to the east, the Swedes do not bother. But with the blueprints it happens.)
Similar happened with peanut island. Noteborg - is a direct translation of Smith's (not only the added lands, and the borg). Swedish N; te - walnut, borg - a fortress city)
The crown of this northern territory could only be in terms of Novgorod (on one side and at the feet of the crown does not happen.) From Novgorod Neva and Ohta - due north, that is from above, toward the North Star.
An example from my ABC of Petersburg "(the metaphor is tailored according to the same spatial logic):
The bell tower is crowned with domes,
Drumstick (known) knee,
Petrograd side Karpovka
A Vasilevsky Island - Smolenko.
Look at the map - these rivers, and really like the crowns on the wondrous animal heads. And Neva crowned Novgorod possession (a border river), and the fort at Cape Ohtinskom literally crowned Neva. Northwest in the XIII century Novgorod fortress was not.
Peter Sorokin caught Novgorod birch bark covered ditch under the Swedish Landskrona. This means that the people of Novgorod were here before the Swedes, and, accordingly, the Russian name is preceded by the Swedish.
Thanks to the excavations of Peter's Sorokina, we know that the first time people have chosen Ohtinski cape before the birth of the Neva River - 5-7 thousand years ago. (Neve least 2,500 years.) But the fort was here to appear only after the Battle of the Neva. (Prior to the expedition Earl Birger, with its attempt to break through to the Ladoga this need was not simple.) And, then, to establish a crown of Novgorod were under Alexander Nevsky.
Archaeologist Sorokin found moat of the fortress crown, crowning the land of Novgorod in the northwest corner of Izhora pyatina.
After almost half a millennium, Peter I returned to the same point and builds his empire Paradise is only a few miles west of Novgorod Wentz. Nyenskans was renamed Peter I Shlotburg (niderl. Slotburg - Castle Town). Regardless of geography (north or the south of the fortress), the name of guard castles crowns - a centuries-old Russian tradition. While not a book, and folklore. When Alexis Bogdan Khitrovo governor cut a small fort on the top of the mountain Simbirsk on the Volga. This place became known by the people "crowned." (Now is the name of the central region of Ulyanovsk.) In this town in the lower reaches of the Volga was built specifically as a city, "guardian" and its main purpose was to keep power from enemy raids. The same sense of defense and the northern Neva Wentz. Because, when there was neither Crown nor Landskrona, the population of the mouth of the Ohta remembered the initial name (and it lives a few hundred years in the toponym "Venchische). Apparently knew about it and Peter. The name "Kronstadt" (the island Kotlin) translated from German by the City-Crown "Kronshlot (the original name of the city and the first fort, actuated by Domenico Trezzini in 1704) -" Alcohol-crown. "
http://andrey-trezin.livejournal.com/87773.html
http://bashne.net/?page_id=1808;
Supplement of the newspaper? Recall that the assumed AN Kirpichnikov in one of the data of the interview:
- Yes, not everyone understands that we live in earthquake-prone region, and we must not forget that a few years ago, it was a fairly strong earthquake in the Baltic Sea, Kaliningrad pretty shocked. Not by chance, perhaps the Swedes call their fortress of Landskrona - crown land?
- They moved in its own name Novgorod village that was on this site - Venchische.
http://svpressa.ru/society/article/16584
"Free Press". November 7, 2009
Specify: Venchische - is if, and "village", and then emerged on the ruins of the Crown, Novgorod fortress, rebuilt by the Swedes.
http://andrey-trezin.livejournal.com/87773.html
centuries. In the mouth of the Neva "East.: Http://www.tellur.ru/ ~ historia/archive/02-01/selin.htm (World History, ¹ 2, 2001). http://krotov.info/libr_min/s/selin/16000525.html cited the following data
SEARCH Lip VELYASHEVA MANOR RETIREMENT B. B. Khoroshevo in Spassky GORODENSKOM POGOST
Summer of 7108 the Maya in 25 days of the Tsar Tsar and Grand Duke Boris F. All Russia and the decree of the Tsar's literacy Boyar Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky for prepisyu Tsar dnyakov Dmitreya Alyab'eva yes Second Pozdieva Votskie pyatina Korelskiya half of the labial mayor Boris Vilyashev one asked and searched
in the churchyard Spaska Gorodenskom Yes Nekolskom in Yzherskom have sveschenekov on sveschenstvu, while the township people who live near kotoryya Gustin yard karabelnyya prestane 2, Skolkov for Bogdan for Khoroshevo 3 Votskoy pyatina pomistya, and in which the churchyard, and in villages and in kotoroya Heath Skolkov obzh and quarter-arable land and any land, that your space is all about listening and kind of tell by the sovereign tsar and grand duke of all Russia Boris F. godfather kissing. And Transfiguration sveschenik Sofronov Ivan 4 yes Arhangelskoy sveschenek Spaska churchyard of the exhibition from May Venchischa said on sveschenstvu and volostnyya people Spaska churchyard Ivan Stepanov son Dubensky 6, Prince Matthew peasants Meshchersky 7, yes Yakush Oleksiv Petrov, peasants Khomutov, yes Borisko Zakharov, Prince Bulatov farmer Meshchersky, yes Bogdan Stepanov son Valitovskoy 8, yes Elka Konstentinov Stepanov, peasants Kositskogo 9 That Oksenko Ivanov, Kazarinov peasants [...] Nena, yes Fedorko Pavlov, Ondrej Ryndina peasants, but Ivanko Ivanov Igorskoy, yes Loginko Nekitin Verkhovsky Yes Mechano Ivanov son Landmarks [...], so Stepan Rodivonov, Nekolskoy peasants Tyaplikovskogo monasteries 10, yes Izherskogo churchyard Borghese Michael, Bogdanov farmer Skobeltsyna, yes Petrusha Tarasov, Bogdanov same peasant Skobeltsyna, yes Fedorov peasants Suponeva, Timoshka Naumov yes Senca [ ...] s yes Ivanko Maksimov
skazale of the sovereign King and Grand Duke Boris F. All Russia godfather kiss: Khorosheva, gentleman, estates in the Ohta River in Ust TOI side on which the sovereign's court room in 1911, four obzhi and here is the Temple 12, Temple de set and a temple was given TII land Khoroshevo obzhu and three obzhami vladiyut Bogdan yes Fady Khoroshevo da Costa Gorbov of Usadischa Fadia, yes I Bogdan yards are on the TII land, and Kostya Gorbov naizdom tills the land and the land they have, quiet three obezh divided among themselves popolosno, and that we did not see why ONET vladiyut and hto obtain vladiet and inyya wasteland Bogdan Horoshova from the living room of the court on the top of the Neva river far away, and the Middle wasteland vosmi miles and inyya and Dahl, yes Khoroshevo same pomistya anti Seating yard for Ohtoyu river six obezh and vladiyut that land widow Ivanovo wife Khorosheva 13 da Costa Gorbov 14. In Ivanovo wife Toya land usadische court costs, and Kostya new stavittsa, but we do not form as a widow in usadische, and Kostin wasteland of cadastres obzh, then, my lord, our speech, of the sovereign King and Grand Duke Boris F. Weighing Russia godfather kissing. A book he wrote obysknye Spaska diyachek with Nenely Posnichko Garasimov.Pripis: To Sim obysknym books Arhangelskoy pop Onisimoscho 15 in place of his parishioners hereunto set my hand.
Notes
1. Boris Velyashev known as labial elder Korelsky half Vodskaya pyatina in 1596/97, 1598/99 and 1602, to 14.3, n. (Book of the census 1586 - 1596 - the vessel and the brigands and Tatina cases and notes and books, pay-duty denga on board and upravnyh Affairs and serfs books that were the case in the Judgement Order at various commanders and rulers. 1586-1596 / SPbFIRI. No. . 2. Op. 1. D. 12. L. 135, 83 vol.; Case on the petition of the estate of Peter with Ignatieff. Obolyaninova. 1614. 3.22 (without end) / / Ockupationsarckivet fran Novgorod, Riksarchivet, serie 2: 123. 14, Diploma 1602).
2. The first and, I believe, the only mention of the arcade and ship pier near the mouth of the Neva. According to published documents, this item should be localized near the mouth of the Okhta.
3. Bogdan good representative genus Moscow landlords Khorosheva, ispomeschennyh in Spassky Gorodenskom churchyard until 1500 by scribes book in 1500 we know the landlord Neklyudov Mishin Good (census accountant books Vodskaya pyatina 7008, the second half of the / / Bulletin of Moscow Society of Russian History and Antiquities. T.11. M., 1851. C. 115). Apparently, his children, Simon, Grid, Tretiak and Danilko Khorosheva, known as landlords Spassky Gorodenskogo churchyard in 1540 (cadastres Vodskaya pyatina 1540 Ed. Gnevusheva AM. Iss.1. Novgorod., 1917 . C. 171 - 172). Once again Simon and Gregory Neklyudova Khorosheva children, as well as Good and Ivan Gall Grigoriev Khoroshev mentioned in the book obysknoy Spassky churchyard Orekhovsky awarded the 1572/73 years., Published by P. Butkov (Butkov P. Status of localities St. Petersburg in the XVI century / / Journal of the Ministry of Education. 1836. ¹ 8. C. 392, 393, 407; we could find a script that obysknoy book, see: Obysknye book Vodskaya pyatina. 7081 g. / / RGADA. F.1209. op.1. D. 770. L. 46 - 69). Probably, to their descendants owned and known to us Bogdan.
4. We believe the Transfiguration priest Sophrony Ivanov - a priest exhibition Nenely Spassky Gorodenskogo churchyard. In the same collection of individual and obysknyh books, which include this obysknaya, there is also information about this priest: May 20, the same in 1600 in a separate book recorded the refrain: "Spaska pop Sofronische to the department and was hereunto set my hand" (Obysknye Books Vodskaya pyatina. 7081 g. / / RGADA. F.1209. op.1. AD 770. L. 345 - 346); two records belong to the 15 July the same year: "Transfiguration of the priest from the exhibition with nonnilpotent Sophrony Iva- new "(Ibid. L. 340 on) and solder" Spaska pop Sofronov Ivan "(Ibid. LS 343 - 343a of). Exhibition Nenela is identified by other sources village Spassky on the Neva. Spassky was first temple on the site of modern Smolny monastery is mentioned in the sources in the 1504/05 years. Identification of the village Spassky, Spassky church in the parish Kalganitsah and later exhibitions Nenely (Nyunely) implemented as follows: the church in the parish Kalganitsy known since 1504/05, the - (An excerpt of the book scribes Vodskaya pyatina 1594 - 1605 years. Ed. AM . Gnevusheva. Kiev., 1911. C. 67), the most recent mention of it relates to the years 1540/41 (The True cadastres Vodskaya pyatina. 7048 g. / / RGADA. F.137. Novgorod. Op. 1. d. 5 . Part 2. L. 925), and this mention quite typical: "Grand Duke volostka palace that was Bogdanovskaya Yesipova in Kalganitsah and Golodushe and in Lahti Churchyard by the Sea .... At the graveyard church of Transfiguration (a) Pop Jeremiah, (c) the clerk of the church, (c) caretaker, (c) proskurnitsa. However, in the excerpt from the book scribes 1504/05 was not mentioned a specific village, which houses the temple. The first village in the parish Kalganitsah belonging to seizures Bogdan Esipov named village Nenfla retse on the Neva (Excerpt cadastres Vodskaya pyatina 1594 - 1605 years. Ed. Gnevusheva AM. Kiev., 1911. C. 67). In this exhibition's title in 1600 - Nenfla, Nyunela. Likely identity of these naming question is not refundable. In addition, the "Records of ruzhnyh churches and monasteries" time Novgorod Archbishop Alexander (Record ruzhnyh churches and monasteries in Novgorod and the Novgorod Pyatina compiled in XVI century. At Novgorod Archbishop Alexander, Vestnik of Moscow Society of Russian History and Antiquities. T . 24. M., 1856. C. 38) refers to "the Church of Transfiguration, that on the Neva river pop Sofron Ivanov." This same priest Sofron Ivanov, according to 1600, he was a priest Saviour Church exhibition Nenely (Individual books Vodskaya pyatina 7107 - 7108 years. / RGADA. F.1208. D. 16960. L. 340 on). Since recovering the identity of these names. We believe that this was the Church of Our Saviour on the Neva River, was investigated by PE Sorokin (Sorokin, E. archaeological research and conservation problems of the cultural layer in the St. Petersburg / / Archaeologia Petropolitana, 1 / 96. S. 28).
5. Exhibition Venchische the church of the Archangel Michael is also located somewhere in the lower reaches of the Neva. It should be noted that the churches of the Archangel Michael in Spassky Gorodenskom churchyard was at least three. The only mention of the church in Venchische - publicity. Church of the exhibition Ryazhela known for three references. August 21, 1571 on the published D. J. Samokvasovym document their ascribed put the "Saviour parish priest from the show Michael the Archangel Yarasim Ivanov's son, and the document itself was written by the deacon," the Archangel Michael from the show "Mikulka Oleksievym (Samokvasov DY archival material. newly discovered documents, the local manorial institutions Muscovy XV - XVII centuries. Volume 2. M., 1908. C. 138 - 139). In the published P. Butkov and quoted above document had the refrain: "For of this obysknym books Ryazhelskoy pop Gerasim Ivanov's son in their children spiritual place hereunto set my hand on the box" (Butkov P. Status of places ... S. 407). This is probably the same Gerasim Ivanov, as in the previous document; this circumstance makes it possible to identify the name of the exhibition. In another document, relating to 1573 and also published DY Samokvasovym, we once again find the refrain: "Archangel pop Gerasim Ivanov son (Samokvasov DY archival material ... S. 315 - 317). PG Butkov mention Ryazhelskom priests "of the box" (ie, from the show) somehow linked to the church graveyard Yarvosolskogo (Butkov P. Status of places ... S. 425)). The exact location of the exhibition Ryazhely we do not know, but it is hardly identical with the "Venchische. At the same time hardly has the force of assertion Butkov of the chapel of the Archangel Michael in the lower reaches of the Neva (Butkov P. Status of places ... S. 414 - 415) and its relation to the village Mickola in Spassky Gorodenskom churchyard on the map of 1676 . (Map of the former provinces Ivangoroda, Yama, and Koporye Noeteborga, compiled under the supervision of General Maiora Schubert's General Staff, Lieutenant-Captain Bergengeymom 1-m. SPb., 1827). Last toponym relates more to do with Russian Nikolai "than" Michael. " Another church of the Archangel Michael in Spassky Gorodenskom churchyard was near the Russian-Swedish border: in the book of records Sofia fees 1576/77 at Orekhovsky tithing is marked "Out of the Transfiguration of the county of Pretchistensky (? - AS) from the exhibition with the German foreign to Seay (Tyi? River) "Archangel pop Alex (The book records the Sofia fee. 7085 g. / / OR RNB. Soph. 1548. LS 126 on). Dare to say a few words about the title of the exhibition: it is possible to assume its relation to the location was destroyed in 1301 the Swedish fortress of Landskrona (in Russian chronicles - "crown land", hence, MB, "Venchische ";====== == Swedish or in memory of an earlier crown? PZ). This assumption can be comprehended and topographically: if it is true, then this exhibition Venchische be found in the area of Okhta mouth. (See also annotated. 11).
12 mentions the Temple in the mouth of the Ohta we believe is unique. Until now at our disposal had no information about the temples near the town on the Neva River to the middle of the XVII century. And even more so nothing was known about the pre-Petrine Orthodox Church on the right bank of the Neva. It is important to note that the document mentioned about the existing temple. We can assume that the priest of the church (if she was serving in 1599 - 1601 gg.) Should participate in drafting obysknyh and individual books included in the collection, from which the published document (see annotated. 5). Likely to identify a temple built at the mouth of the landowners Khoroshevo Ohta an exhibition Venchische Spassky Gorodenskogo churchyard. Note the way that the toponym Venchische not found any descriptions Gorodenskogo churchyard in 1500 and 1540 years. Or on patrol estates Khoroshevo 1573 (Butkov P. Status of places ...) so its appearance should be attributed to the time not later than mid- XVI century. when probably build a church (============= so to build a church, this relic of interest and could not call, but Venchische - as a natural boundary settlement, Selishche - apparently the old place: PZ).
Perhaps also the suggestion that the church at the mouth of the Ohta may relate to the archaeologically identified the cemetery at this place (Sorokin, E. Archaeological research ... C. 37.)
Other details in the source http://krotov.info/libr_min/s/selin/16000525.html
Peter Ye Sorokin - great archaeologist. Instead of building logadok he made a bet on the age-depth study of the natural development of human districts of the future of a large city at the mouth of the Neva. His achievements abundantly reflects the Internet.
Health and new successes to him.
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