Haplogroups - Languages - ethnic groups
Of course, with the explanation of these concepts and should keep an eye on Wikipedia, at least comparing the English and Russian versions. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup All of the cards require almost quarterly adjustments. For example, with respect to R. (Y-DNA). PNG
Europe the past 20 millennia, primarily to establish and create a native male haplogroups I, R, N, J, G c interspersed with little other haplogroups, particularly evident in the E, T and H.
While the theory and practice, women in Europe Haplogroups often older. Men's lines of those early women admit, have not survived. Europe created mainly carriers of haplogroups H, U, X, T, V, W, I, J, K.
In millennia Aboriginal people in Africa, large parts of Asia, Australia and America these groups do not usually meet. However, almost from the Paleolithic until America became widespread female haplogroup X, which requires a special study http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гаплогруппа_X_ (mtDNA); http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_X_ (mtDNA )
Most European nations include these haplogroups in different proportions. http://www.proza.ru/2011/09/04/965; http://www.proza.ru/2011/09/04/552;
http://www.proza.ru/2011/07/23/296; http://www.proza.ru/2011/06/14/411;
http://www.proza.ru/2011/04/03/504; http://www.proza.ru/2010/10/24/336 (ethnic status of Haplogroups in 1500); http:// www.proza.ru/2010/08/30/787 (given the dominant male haplogroup), etc.
Of course, to the Mesolithic period - probably about - there were a rule, one haplogroup - one language. But not for the fact that the dominant language in the formation of male haplogroup. Children are often educated women, hence the significant part of the vocabulary of young women remain. Command the male part of the vocabulary is important, but it does not reduce the whole language. Especially in communities with the dictates of women (literally "Amazons") and a team of largely depends on women.
Hence languages ;;like creating complex haplogroups (male + female).
http://www.proza.ru/2011/09/25/236 Other, more likely, in real life and could not be. In the transition to the Holocene "mnogogaplogruppnost" increased in almost all languages, except gravitated to the archaic nature in Africa, mountain ranges on different continents and remote islands.
Not yet found a hard link data haplogroups and anthropology. To identify robust correlations here will take many years to come. Of course, there are interesting hypotheses. But they are far from proven and verifiable knowledge.
http://www.freewebs.com/rus_anthro/main_races_nordoids.htm etc.
The main problems gaplogruppovedenie creates ethnic interpretations of archeological data, and many written sources. According to these data sources, and many peoples, including Slavs, in the history of earlier 3 - 2nd millennium BC no. And on Haplogroups (with specification of their haplotypes) are clearly there.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/; http://traditio.ru/wiki/Генофонд_славян;
http://www.lebed.com/2009/art5482.htm etc.
Since gaplogruppovedenie hurt the interests of many thousands of researchers around the world, he will have to wait for the next generation of archaeologists, linguists and other specialists who understand the fundamental nature of the problem. Now study the history of all ethnic groups mnogotysyachelety and humanity as a whole, without knowledge of the relatively high-Q haplogroup is unthinkable.
Archaeologists in the areas of many thousands of migrations open areas of similar ways of life (technology) at various time intervals. But they do not guarantee specific knowledge of a strictly ethnic groups. Neighbours - Slavs, Finns and Balts - have centuries of intimate life, showed a lot of technological similarities in adjacent territories. But this closeness of their haplogroups indicate at least a few thousand years, which basically breaks down the current of history - for example - the Slavs, the Balts and the Finno-Ugric peoples.
Not to mention skandinavah.http: / / www.proza.ru/2011/09/26/933 etc.
Initially, at the generic level at least twenty years - thirty-operated normally, "the initial subgroup - the main haplogroup" - one language "(and early tribal ethnic group: typically up to several hundred people). But for centuries and millennia occurred abundance of migratory mixing, when similar haplogroups and found themselves tied into different nations and languages.
Haplogroup R is 60% male population of the Atlantic regions of North America, up to 30% in some regions of South America and Australia, the Pacific region U.S. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haplogroup_R_ (Y-DNA). PNG
Now her story about lead from Central Asia or the Middle East, although a couple of dozen years ago it was considered scientific breeding of this haplogroup in Europe.
The members of this haplogroup found in many nations of the world, almost all the major language families.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R_ (Y-DNA) # R1b
Earlier haplogroup N «fun and cheerful" was considered the standard of the Finno-Ugric peoples. At the moment it is linked to several language families.
Here is a subgroup of haplogroup N with the corresponding mutations according to the latest tree YCC 2008 [1]:
N (M231) Age SNP M231 - 15000-35000 years.
N * occurs in southern China and Southeast Asia. The highest rate - the People and (Yizu) - 30%. Age ancestor discovered Representatives - 15,000 years.
N1 (LLY22g) Age SNP LLY22g - 9000-15000 years. Supposed place of origin - Siberia
N1 * It occurs rarely in northern China. Age ancestor discovered Representatives - 9000 years.
N1a (M128) is distributed with a low frequency among Manchu, Cibo, Manchurian Evenks, Koreans, northern Han, buoys, eastern Kazakh and other Turkic peoples of Central Asia. The Kazakhs are very young (probably less than 1000 years). Age SNP M128 - less than 9000 years.
N1b (P43) [2] [3] is typical for Samoyeds, as occurs with low to moderate frequency among some other Uralic peoples, Turkic peoples, the peoples of the Mongolian group, the Tungus and the Eskimos. Separation N1c - 10 600 years ago. Age SNP P43 - 6300-10600 years. Age ancestor discovered Representatives - 6300 years.
N1b * This haplogroup belong to three main conditional units, conventionally defined for the understanding of history and dispersal of this haplogroup. It should be noted that these subgroups are not identified on the basis of SNP (ie, well-defined haplogroups are not), but based on STR (ie, estimated haplotype proximity to each other). So, these three divisions:
N1b-A: Asian. Divided into five branches. Her age is ca. 4500 years and is a common age for all detected today N1b. Another branch from the common ancestor of this waste is to be involved:
N1b-preE: West Siberian. It is extremely rare: so far found only two people: one and one Khakassia Mansi. This is exactly the unit that was separated from a common ancestor N1b and headed to Europe. These Khakassia and Mansi - probably her descendants who remained in Siberia. However, Mansi and the child can be the first of its representatives who have appeared in Europe. It is almost certain that the spread of this haplogroup in the west - it seyminsko-Turbinsky phenomenon. This is confirmed by calculations of ages as a common ancestor according to the Y-chromosome, and the available historical representations. This unit is ancestral to the following:
N1b-E: European. Appeared about 3,000 years ago and is a descendant of N1b-preE. The oldest age found in the common ancestor of the "Russian" (and indeed, Pomors / Chud zavolochskoy / Komi-Zyrians) Leshukonsky area of ;;the Arkhangelsk region. More clearly its distribution significantly from 2,400 years ago, and these lines converge to the east Pinega District of the Arkhangelsk region. This unit there is 17% of the population. Significant proportion is among the Komi-Izhemtsy (14%), Mansi (25%), but its branches in these populations is somewhat younger.
N1b1 (P63) subbranch Asian haplogroup N1b-A, but also occurs among the peoples of the Permian languages.
N1c (Tat (M46), P105) surpasses the Yakuts and the peoples of the Ural group, with a moderate distribution in Northern Eurasia. Separation N1b - 10 600 years ago. Age SNP Tat (M46), P105 - 10600-12700 years. Age ancestor discovered Representatives - 10 600 years.
N1c * share is negligible.
N1c1 (M178) [2] [3] Nearly all N1c belong to her. Surpasses the Yakuts and the peoples of the Ural group, with a moderate distribution in Northern Eurasia. Age SNP M178 - 10600-12700 years. Age ancestor discovered Representatives - 10 600 years.
N1c1 *
N1c1a (P21) over the proliferation of yet there is very conflicting information
N1c1b (P67)
N1c1c (P119) http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гаплогруппа_N_ (Y-DNA)
Mainly European I, too, refers to the different languages ;;and language families - Indo-Europeans, the Finno-Ugric, Turki ...
The Bosnian Serbs - 73%
Dargins - 58% [2]
Sardinians - 42.3%
Bosnians - 42.0%
The Norwegians - 40.3%
The Swedes - 40.0%
The Danes - 38.7
Slovenians - 38.2%
The Serbs - 61.2%
Russian Cossacks - 22.7%
The Ukrainians - 21.9%
Russian - 20.0%
Moksha - 19.3%
Belarusians - 19.0% [3]
The Turks - 15%
Chuvash - 11.4%
Isfahan Persians - 10%
The Arabs of the Middle East - 10%
Marie - 8.1%
Koryak - 7%
Komi - 5.3%
Tatars - 4% http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гаплогруппа_I_ (Y-DNA)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I_ (Y-DNA)
And such examples could continue.
Gaplogruppovedenie - a young science. Studies of modern haplogroups have covered less than 1 percent of the world population, mainly in regions with a predominance of haplogroup R. Dietary studies of early ancestral haplogroups (antique and older - from the Paleolithic period) until more than a few hundred of the remains. On this basis, is an abyss of various "statistical" assumptions and hypotheses, the vast majority have no real scientific evidence (strict verifiability of results).
However, the promise of this science have already experienced the many experts who study the real depth of the history of nations and of mankind. Clarification of specialists in human Haplogroups expects many more. Therefore, it makes no sense to impose all of science is clearly intermediate results (they sometimes change with an average speed of every quarter) as the final (with the stability of at least several years). The more dangerous - aggressive energetically promoting such intermediate results, making a lot of zaviralnyh binding to the realities of ancient history.
A dozen years ago I had occasion to introduce two concepts associated with gaplogruppovedeniem (Gaplogruppovedenie; DNA haplogroups science).
Genoglottohronologiya (Genoglottohronologiya) - modern science, which is close genoetnologii (see). Permits the development of almost all the languages ;;of the world from a single proto-language, one manifestation of which 15 - 20 thousand years ago there was a Nostratic (Nostra - our) family of languages. Bible postuliziruet existence of Proto-myth of the Tower of Babel (including 72 in its original peoples and constructed "the essence of Slovenes nartsi hedgehog") to the god.
The method of "molecular clock" that allows genoetnologam establish the degree of relationship of different species by differences in their DNA, very similar to the glottochronology used in establishing the relationship of different languages. On the basis of many studies glottohronologicheskih proved that 1000 years in the so-called basic vocabulary (it includes the words that are in any language - "home" and "earth", "sky", the names of body parts, etc.) retained 86% of the words. That is, each of the languages ;;of two nations, divided 1,000 years ago, has 86% of common words with ancestral language. Consequently, with each other, these languages ;;have a 74% (86% from 86%), common words. This gives a basis to calculate when to divide languages, which are now close to the pronunciation of 5% (and more) common words.
Comparison of the evolutionary tree of human populations with linguistic data and the classification of languages ;;according to the superfamily revealed that most of the languages ;;genetically related populations belong to the same linguistic group. The earlier and longer divided evolved independently two populations - the greater the accumulated changes in their DNA and their languages. Of course, languages ;;do not depend on the genes and the correlation of genetic and linguistic affinity are determined only by historical circumstances. But there is a correlation. (========== Now here we must take into account the above mentioned links: PZ)
If we talk about mutations, the most rapidly they accumulate in the mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria contain a circular DNA molecule consisting of 16 500 base pairs - is quite a bit compared to the DNA of the chromosomes that are in the cell nucleus and consist of hundreds of millions of base pairs. At fertilization the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of sperm into the egg does not fall, so that both men and women receive mtDNA only from their mother. Geneticist Alan Wilson (USA) has studied the mtDNA of people from different backgrounds - the Africans, Europeans, Asians, Australians and people of New Guinea. By the number of differences in the nucleotide sequence of mtDNA he determined the degree of relationship of different groups of people and built a family tree of humanity. The earliest branching point in this tree separates Africans from the other group of people - according to present data it was 137 ± 15 thousand years ago.
Differences were identified between the sequences of mtDNA of humans and chimpanzees. By a known date of separation chimpanzee branches (5 million years ago) was calculated during the first division teams ancestors living people, which occurred 180-190 thousand years ago. This date is the most ancient mtDNA mutations that genetics can recognize. At this level, and usually end capabilities glottochronology - comparing the roots of ancient languages ;;of the people.
Now all people have the genetic code is very similar. Any two people, except identical twins differ only by one letter-nucleotide of the 300. But from our closest relatives in the animal world - the great apes - we are different is one nucleotide out of 30. The more distantly related living, the greater the difference in genetic texts. Sometimes genetics make discoveries that have long been known from the tales and legends. For example, ancient legend has it that all the Mongols descended from three mothers. The study of mtDNA is inherited only through the maternal line, showed that most of the people of Mongolia on genetic characteristics is clearly divided into three groups. This is yet another blow to the pride of narrow specialists, stubbornly ignoring the underlying data of the epic and the modern scientific methods. But the chipped-Scythians were a Zeus and a mermaid (daughter of the Dnieper), and the Greeks believed their descendants of Heracles and poludevy-poluzmei Gilea the country (then Scythia). A genetic study of people of European race has shown that people with white skin occurred 30 - 40 thousand years ago (=============== now on popular versions of up to 10 thousand years ago, http:// www.proza.ru/2009/09/29/202; http://www.proza.ru/2010/08/20/1062 blue-PZ) from a group numbering about 20 people, with the number of men in double the number of women (========= is unclear: PZ). And there are no contraindications that this group of "right-Caucasians" (==== group of early blue-and white-skinned: PZ) lived on the land just south of present-day Russia. Genoglottohronologiya fundamentally changes the picture early last of humanity, including the ancient history of the people on the lands of Russia.
Zolin PM http://www.russika.ru/ef.php?s=2135
Genoetnologiya (Genoetnologiya) - the science of the genetic history of people and especially their different groups, even nations, ethnic groups. Its data are comparable with the facts glottochronology, archeology and other disciplines.
Today, most scientists adhere to the theory of African descent and people believe that the next winner in the evolutionary race originated in South-East Africa (region upstream of the Nile), about 200 thousand years ago and settled there around the globe. Already 100 - 60 thousand years ago, the first wave of the "Africans" came out on the land and Russia, which went active formation of light-skinned Caucasians.
Lands of the south of Russia (in Ra-Volga) have played about 40 thousand years ago, a very important role in the spread of modern humans in Europe, North America and Asia. Play a similar role tens of thousands of years, up until now. On account of ancestors, fellow Russians, many thousands of technological and linguistic achievements, famous dates and names from the beginning of the era Homo sapiens (that reflects the epic).
Multi-millennial history of human and peoples written in our genes and how human actions. Professor at Stanford University (USA) Luca Cavalli-Sforza has made maps of the distribution of frequencies of several hundred genes in European populations (he called these cards "genetic landscape") and genetic distances between populations calculated the date of their separation.
The last wave of migrations civilization are the last 10 thousand years. The first, which left the most significant genetic traces (frequency of occurrence of the complex of 95 genes gradually decreases from the areas of the Middle East from the neighborhood to the Caucasus and the Caspian habitat Basque), corresponds to the expansion of the Neolithic agricultural peoples of the places of origin of agriculture (the area of ;;Mesopotamia) to the north and west of Europe. Her dating based on genetic distances coincide with archaeological datings (6 - 9 thousand years ago).
Our predecessors-countrymen in the lower reaches of the Don and Volga about 8 thousand years ago tended to be genetically ancient farmers, who lived south of the Caucasus to 10 thousand years ago. And they are close to them in language (from Nostratic family), and other epic harakteristikam.Chastota occurrence of another set of genes is highest precisely in the south of Russia (where the epicenter of the archaic and indoevropeystva) and decreases in the direction of north and south of this area . Should be left to the migration of nomadic herders 4 - 6 thousand years ago.
That's what polietnose ancient Roman historians (Pompey Trog, Justin, Paul Orosei, etc.) are still XX - XVI centuries. ago they said that the Scythians - the first civilized nation on earth, the ancient Egyptians. And they have achieved dominance in Europe and Asia over 2,800 years before the formation of Rome. Around 3553 BC. So in 2002, quietly passed 5555-anniversary of the Soviet state - proved archeologically, anthropologically, genetically, and general historical.
Changing prevalence of third set of genes corresponds to the expansion of Greek culture in the I millennium BC. Once again, our ancestors-countrymen objectively (genetically) were very close part of the ancient world since ancient Greece and Rome - XXX and XX centuries. back. But for thousands of years before they gave largely the gene pool and pragrekov prarimlyan.
Of course, not only the migration of lead to changes in the concentration of genes in populations. For example, the frequency of genes associated with adaptation to cold, gradually decreases from north to south. In addition to the comparison of frequencies of genes in populations to reconstruct the history and uses the method of "molecular clock". The rate of change of the nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecule due to point mutations (ie, changing only one base pair) is constant so that it can be used for dating the divergence of this evolutionary branch from a common stem.
Genoetnologiya very promising, substantially alters the usual ideas, especially about the ancient history of mankind.
Zolin rm http://www.russika.ru/ef.php?s=1989
If the reader will notice there inaccuracies in advance ready to fix them.