YDNA of Edward I King of England b 1239 d 1307
YDNA of Edward I King of England b 1239 d 1307
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Edward I, King of England
Edward I
King of England
Edward Longshanks
the Hammer of the Scots
Lord of Ireland
Duke of Aquitaine, ruled Gascony from 1254 to 1306 (in France as a vassal of the French king)
the Lord Edward
Edward I, King of England from 1272 to 1307
Edward I, King of England
Edward I
b 1239 d 1307
(17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307)
House Plantagenet
Father Henry III, King of England
Mother Eleanor of Provence
Edward I
b 1239 d 1307
Spouses
1. Eleanor of Castile ;;(m. 1254; died 1290);
2. Margaret of France ;(m. 1299);
Issue:
Henry
Eleanor, Countess of Bar
Joan, Countess of Hertford
Alphonso, Earl of Chester
Margaret, Duchess of Brabant
Mary of Woodstock
Elizabeth, Countess of Holland
Edward II, King of England
Thomas, Earl of Norfolk
Edmund, Earl of Kent
Edward I
Edward I, King of England
Edward I b 1239 d 1307 r 1272 - 1307
Reign 20 November 1272 – 7 July 1307
Coronation 19 August 1274
Predecessor Henry III
Successor Edward II
Born 17/18 June 1239
Palace of Westminster, London, England
Died 7 July 1307 (aged 68)
Burgh by Sands, Cumberland, England
Burial 27 October 1307
Westminster Abbey, London
House Plantagenet
Reign 20 November 1272 – 7 July 1307
Coronation 19 August 1274
Predecessor Henry III
Successor Edward II
Born 17/18 June 1239
Palace of Westminster, London, England
Died 7 July 1307 (aged 68)
Burgh by Sands, Cumberland, England
Burial 27 October 1307
Westminster Abbey, London
Edward I 's temperamental nature and height (6'2")
(6'2'' = 187.96 centimeters ~ 188 cm)
made him an intimidating figure.
Edward had a reputation for a fierce and sometimes unpredictable temper,
and he could be intimidating.
A 1290 seal of Edward I
The Seal of Edward I, dating from 1290. It depicts the King in armour with a sword and a shield, and he is riding on a horse.
the Second Barons' War (1264–1267)
the Battle of Lewes (14 May 1264)
Battle of Evesham in 1265 (4 August 1265)
First Scottish War of Independence (1296-1328,)
The Anglo-French War (a Scottish ally) (between 1294–98 and 1300–1303)
The Anglo-French War revolved around Gascony.
The Treaty of Paris (1303) ended the conflict.
King Philip IV, King of France, confiscated the Duchy of Gascony.
* King Philip IV, King of France
Philip IV, called Philip the Fair, was King of France from 1285 to 1314.
By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre,
he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 1284 to 1305, as well as Count of Champagne.
King Philip IV, King of France
Issue:
Louis X, King of France
Philip V, King of France
Charles IV, King of France
Isabella, Queen of England
Robert
House Capet
Philip IV of France (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (French: Philippe le Bel), was King of France from 1285 to 1314. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 1284 to 1305, as well as Count of Champagne. Although Philip was known to be handsome, hence the epithet le Bel, his rigid, autocratic, imposing, and inflexible personality gained him (from friend and foe alike) other nicknames, such as the Iron King (French: le Roi de fer). His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, said of him: "He is neither man nor beast. He is a statue.
Philip IV of France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France
Edict of Expulsion
(1290-1656)
The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree issued by Edward I on 18 July 1290 expelling all Jews from the Kingdom of England
The edict was eventually overturned more than 365 years later, during the Protectorate, when
Oliver Cromwell informally permitted the resettlement of the Jews in England in 1656.
Edict of Expulsion
Edict of Expulsion , expelling the Jews from England in 1290.
The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree issued by Edward I on 18 July 1290 expelling all Jews from the Kingdom of England, the first time a European state is known to have permanently banned their presence.[a] The date was most likely chosen as it was a Jewish holy day, the ninth of Ab, commemorating the destruction of Jerusalem and other disasters that the Jewish people have experienced. Edward told the sheriffs of all counties that he wanted all Jews expelled before All Saints' Day (1 November) that year.
Jews were allowed to leave with cash and personal possessions, but outstanding debts, homes, and other buildings including synagogues and cemeteries were forfeit to the King. While there are no recorded attacks on Jews during the departure on land, there were acts of piracy in which Jews lost their lives, while others were drowned as a result of being forced to cross the English Channel at an extremely dangerous, stormy time of year. There is evidence from personal names of Jewish refugees settling in Paris and other parts of France, as well as Italy, Spain and Germany. Documents taken abroad by the Anglo-Jewish diaspora have been found as far away as Cairo. Jewish properties were sold to the benefit of the Crown, Queen Eleanor and selected individuals who were given grants of property.
The edict was not an isolated incident, but the culmination of increasing antisemitism in England. During the reigns of Henry III and Edward I, anti-Jewish prejudice was used as a political tool first by opponents of the Crown, and then by Edward and the state itself. Edward took measures afterwards to claim credit for the expulsion, and to define himself as the protector of Christians against Jews, and was remembered and praised at his death for it. The expulsion had a lasting impact by embedding antisemitism into English culture. The expulsion edict remained in force for the rest of the Middle Ages. The edict was eventually overturned more than 365 years later, during the Protectorate, when
Oliver Cromwell
informally permitted the resettlement of the Jews in England in 1656.
Edict of Expulsion , expelling the Jews from England in 1290.
Edict of Expulsion (1290-1656)
The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree issued by Edward I on 18 July 1290 expelling all Jews from the Kingdom of England
The edict was eventually overturned more than 365 years later, during the Protectorate, when
Oliver Cromwell informally permitted the resettlement of the Jews in England in 1656.
The first Jewish communities are recorded in England some time after the Norman Conquest in 1066, moving from William's towns in northern France.
The Church's highest authority, the Holy See,
had placed restrictions on Jews mixing with Christians,
and mandated the wearing of distinctive clothing such as tabula,
or Jewish badges,
at the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215
These measures were adopted in England at the Synod of Oxford in 1222.
Church leaders
made the first allegations of ritual child sacrifice, such as crucifixions at Easter in mockery of Christ, and the accusations began to develop themes of conspiracy and occult practices. King Henry III
backed allegations made against Jews of Lincoln
after the death of a boy named Hugh, soon known as Little Saint Hugh.
Such stories coincided with the rise of hostility within the Church to the Jews.
Discontent was further fuelled as the Crown destabilised the loans and debt market. Loans were typically secured through bonds entitling the lender to the debtor's land holdings. Interest rates were relatively high, and debtors tended to be in arrears.
Leaders like Simon de Montfort then used anger at the dispossession of middle ranking landowners to fuel antisemitic violence,
at London (where 500 Jews died), Worcester, Canterbury, and many other towns.
Simon de Montfort expelled the Jews of Leicester in 1231, and in 1275, Edward had permitted the Queen mother Eleanor to expel Jews from her lands and towns.
In 1287, Edward I was in his French provinces in the Duchy of Gascony while trying to negotiate the release of his cousin Charles of Salerno, who was being held captive in Aragon.
On Easter Sunday, Edward broke his collarbone in an 80-foot fall, and was confined to bed for several months. Soon after his recovery, he ordered the local Jews to be expelled from Gascony.
His immediate motivation may have been the need to generate funds for Charles' release, but many historians including Richard Huscroft point out that the money raised by seizures from exiled Jews was negligible and that it was given away to mendicant orders (ie monks), and therefore see the expulsion as a "thank-offering" for Edward's recovery from his injury.
After his release, Charles of Salerno expelled the Jews from his territories in Maine and Anjou in 1289, accusing them of "dwelling randomly" with the Christian population and cohabiting with Christian women. He linked the expulsion to general taxation of the population as "recompense" for lost income. It appears that Edward and Charles learnt from each other's experience.
Expulsion
By the time he returned to England from Gascony in 1289, King Edward I was deeply in debt.
On 18 July, the Edict of Expulsion was issued, some three days after Parliament had gathered.
The text of the edict is lost.
On the Hebrew calendar, this date was 9 Av (Tisha B'Av) 5050,
commemorating the fall of the Temple at Jerusalem; it is unlikely to be a coincidence.
Roth reports that it was noted "with awe" by Jewish chroniclers.
Writs were sent to sheriffs on the same day,
explaining that all Jews were to leave by All Saints' Day,
1 November 1290,
and outlining their duties in the matter.
The Jewish population in England
at the time of the expulsion was relatively small,
perhaps as few as 2,000 people,
although estimates vary.
There were limits on the property that Jews could take with them.
Although a few favoured persons were allowed to sell their homes before they left, the vast majority had to forfeit any outstanding debts, homes or immobile property, including synagogues and cemeteries.
Disposal of Jewish property
The Crown seized Jewish property. Debts with a value of 20,000 pounds were collated from the archae from each town with a Jewish settlement. In December, Hugh of Kendall was appointed to dispose of the property seized from the Jewish refugees, the most valuable of which consisted of houses in London. Some of the property was given away to courtiers, the church and the royal family's circle, in a total of 85 grants. William Burnell received property in Oxford which he later gave to Balliol College, for example, while Queen Eleanor's tailor was granted the synagogue in Canterbury. Sales were mostly completed by spring 1291.
167 and 169 King Street, The Music House, Norwich: one of two surviving Jewish houses dating from before the expulsion. Such properties were forfeit and sold or gifted by the Crown.
There were around 100 converted Jews in the Domus Conversorum, which provided accommodation to Jews that had converted to Christianity.
Four complaints were made to the king in 1376 that some of those trading as Lombards were actually Jews.
Jews began to settle in England after 1656,
and formal equality was achieved by 1858.
According to medieval historian Colin Richmond, English antisemitism left a legacy of neglect of this topic in English historical research as late as the 1990s.
The story of Little Saint Hugh
was repeated as fact in local guidebooks in Lincoln in the 1920s,
and a private school was named after him around the same time.
The logo of the school, which referred to the story, was altered in 2020.
Apology
A Church of England service was held in May 2022,
described by Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby
as a formal "act of repentance",
on the 800th anniversary of the Synod of Oxford in 1222.
The Synod passed a set of laws that restricted Jews' rights to engage with Christians in England
which contributed directly to the expulsion of 1290.
Edict of Expulsion (1290-1656)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion
Edward I was born at the Palace of Westminster on the night of 17–18 June 1239,
to King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence.
Edward, an Anglo-Saxon name, was not commonly given among the aristocracy of England after the Norman conquest, but Henry was devoted to the veneration of Edward the Confessor and decided to name his firstborn son after the saint.
Edward I's birth was widely celebrated at the royal court and throughout England, and he was baptised three days later at Westminster Abbey.
Edward I heights was 6 ft 2 in (188 cm).
In youth, his curly hair was blond; in maturity it darkened, and in old age it turned white.
In 1254,
English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English-held province of Gascony
induced King Henry
to arrange a politically expedient
marriage
between
(15yo)
fifteen-year-old
Edward after Edward I, King of England)
and
(13yo) thirteen-year-old
Eleanor,
the half-sister of
King Alfonso X of Castile.
They (Edward and Eleanor)
were married on 1 November 1254
in the Abbey of Santa Maria la Real de Las Huelgas in Castile.
As part of the marriage agreement,
Alfonso X
gave up his claims to Gascony, and
Edward received grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year.
Around the end of November 1254, Edward and Eleanor left Castile and entered Gascony,
where they were warmly received by the populace.
Here, Edward styled himself as "ruling Gascony as prince and lord",
a move that the historian J. S. Hamilton states was a show of his blooming political independence.
From 1254 to 1257,
Edward was under the influence of his mother's relatives, known as the Savoyards,
the most notable of whom was Peter II of Savoy, the Queen's uncle.
After 1257,
Edward became increasingly close to the Lusignan faction –
the half-brothers of his father Henry III –
led by such men as William de Valence.
This association was significant because the two groups of privileged foreigners were resented by the established English aristocracy, who would be at the centre of the ensuing years' baronial reform movement. Edward's ties to his Lusignan kinsmen were viewed unfavourably by contemporaries, including the chronicler Matthew Paris, who circulated tales of unruly and violent conduct by Edward's inner circle, which raised questions about his personal qualities.
Edward showed independence in political matters as early as 1255, when he sided with the Soler family in Gascony in their conflict with the Colomb family.
Edward took a keen interest in the stories of King Arthur, which were highly popular in Europe during his reign. In 1278 he visited Glastonbury Abbey to open what was then believed to be the tomb of Arthur and Guinevere, recovering "Arthur's crown" from Llywelyn after the conquest of North Wales; his castle-building campaign in Wales drew upon the Arthurian myths in their design and location. He held "Round Table" events in 1284 and 1302, involving tournaments and feasting, and chroniclers compared him and the events at his court to Arthur. In some cases Edward appears to have used his interest in the Arthurian myths to serve his own political interests, including legitimising his rule in Wales and discrediting the Welsh belief that Arthur might return as their political saviour
Edward I, King of England b 1239 d 1307 r. 1272-1307
Edward I, King of England b 1239 d 1307 r. 1272-1307
Family
Edward I, King of England b 1239 d 1307 r. 1272-1307
First marriage
Stone sculptures of King Edward (left) and Queen Eleanor (right) at Lincoln Cathedral. Both figures are underneath triangular enclosures, and King Edward is depicted taller than his wife.
Stone sculptures of Edward (left) and Eleanor (right) at Lincoln Cathedral
Edward I, King of England b 1239 d 1307 r. 1272-1307
By his first wife Eleanor of Castile,
Edward
had at least (14) fourteen children, perhaps as many as (16) sixteen.
Of these,
five daughters survived into adulthood,
but only one son Edward
outlived his father,
becoming King Edward II (b.1284-d.1327) (r.;1307–1327).
Edward I, King of England b 1239 d 1307 r. 1272-1307
Edward's children with Eleanor were:
Katherine (1261 or 1263–1264)
Joan (1265–1265)
John (1266–1271)
Henry (1268–1274)
Eleanor (1269–1298)
Unnamed daughter (1271–1271 or 1272)
Joan (1272–1307)
Alphonso (1273–1284)
Margaret (1275–1333)
Berengaria (1276–1277 or 1278)
Unnamed child (1278–1278)
Mary (1278–1332)
Elizabeth (1282–1316)
Edward II (1284–1327)
Edward I, King of England b 1239 d 1307 r. 1272-1307
Second marriage
By Margaret of France,
Edward
had two sons, both of whom lived to adulthood,
and a daughter who died as a child.
Edward I, King of England b 1239 d 1307 r. 1272-1307
His progeny by Margaret of France were:
Thomas (1300–1338)
Edmund (1301–1330)
Eleanor (1306–1311)
Edward I, King of England b 1239 d 1307 r. 1272-1307
A genealogy in the Hailes Abbey chronicle indicates that
John Botetourt
may have been Edward's illegitimate son,
but the claim is unsubstantiated.
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Edward I, King of England b 1239 d 1307 r. 1272-1307
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Kings of England
_________________________
The House of Normandie
The Norman counts of Rouen were:
Rollo, 911–927
William Longsword, 927–942
The Norman dukes of Normandy were:
Richard I, 942–996
Richard II, 996–1027
Richard III, 1026–1027
Robert I, 1027–1035
William, 1035–1066 (became King of England as William the Conqueror)
The Norman monarchs of England and Normandy were:
William the Conqueror, 1066–1087
William II, 1087–1100 (not Duke of Normandy)
Robert II, 1087–1106 (not King of England)
Henry I, 1100–1135; 1106–1135
William Adelin, 1120 (not King of England)
Matilda, 1135–1153
Stephen (non-agnatic; a member of the House of Blois), 1135–1154
Norman Count of Flanders:
William Clito (r. 1127–1128), son of Robert Curthose, great-grandson of Baldwin V, designated by Louis VI of France
Also important to note:
Richard I had a daughter, Emma of Normandy, who was Queen Consort through her two marriages to Aethelred the Unready and Cnut the Great.
House House of Normandy
William Longsword
(+ Sprota )
|
Richard I, Duke of Normandy
Richard I
Richard I, Duke of Normandy
Richard the Fearless (French: Richard Sans-Peur; Old Norse: Jarl Rikard),
the count of Rouen from 942 to 996
Richard I, Duke of Normandy
(+ Gunnor)
|
Richard II
Richard II, Duke of Normandy, (died 28 August 1026),
Richard II
the Good (French: Le Bon),
the duke of Normandy from 996 until 1026.
(+ Judith of Brittany )
|
Robert I, Duke of Normandy
(1000 - 1035)
(22 June 1000 – July 1035)
House Normandy
Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Robert the Magnificent
(+ Herleva of Falaise )
|
the first Norman king of England
William I
William I, King of England
William I
(1018-1087) (r. 1035-1087)
William I, King of England ((c.;1028 – 9 September 1087), (r. 3 July 1035 – 9 September 1087)
the first Norman king of England
William the Conqueror
William the Bastard
(b.1018-d.1087) (+ Matilda of Flanders )
|
Henry I
Henry I of England
Henry I of England, King of England
(b. c.;1068 – d. 1135), (r. 1100-1135). Burial Reading Abbey, Berkshire.
(c.;1068 – 1 December 1135 (66-67)),
(r. 5 August 1100 – 1 December 1135)
(c.;1068 – 1135), (+ Matilda of Scotland )
|
Empress Matilda
(1102-1167)
(c.;7 February 1102 – 10 September 1167), also known as the Empress Maude
Holy Roman Empress
Queen consort of the Romans
Burial Rouen Cathedral, France
+____Spouse1 Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor ;(m. 1114; died 1125)
+____Spouse2 Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou ;(m. 1128; died 1151)
Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou
Geoffrey V (24 August 1113 – 7 September 1151), called the Handsome, the Fair (French: le Bel) or Plantagenet, was the Count of Anjou, Touraine and Maine by inheritance from 1129, and also Duke of Normandy by his marriage claim, and conquest, from 1144.
|
Henry II
Henry II, King of England
(1133-1189) (r.1154-1189)
(b. 5 March 1133 - d.6 July 1189 (r. 19 Dec 1154-6 July 1189)
b.1133 -d.1189 (+ Eleanor of Aquitaine )
|
John
John, King of England
(1166-1216)
(b.24 Dec 1166 - d.19 Oct 1216 (46)),
(r. May 1177 - 19 Oct 1246)
r.1199-1216 (+ Isabella, Countess of Angouleme )
|
Henry III, King of England
Henry III
(1207-1272)
(10 Oct 1207 - 16 Nov 1272)
(r. 28 Oct 1216 - 16 Nov 1272)
r.1216-1272 (+ Eleanor of Province)
|
Edward I
Edward I, King of England
(b.1239-d.1307)
b.1239-d.1307 (+ Eleanor of Castile)
r. 1272-1307
|
Edward II
Edward II, King of England
b.1284-d.1327
r.1307-1327 (+ Isabella of France)
|
Edward III, King of England
b. 1327-d.1377
r.1327-1377 (+ Philippa of Hainault)
|
Edward the Black Prince
Edward the Black Prince, (1330-1376)
Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince, (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376)
(+ Joan of Kent )
|
Richard II
Richard II of England
b. 6 January 1367, Bordeaux, France
Died c.;14 February 1400 (aged 33), Pontefract Castle, Yorkshire, England
Burial Dominican Friary, Kings Langley, Hertfordshire (1400–1413), Westminster Abbey, London
Richard II of England
Richard II
(+ Spouse1 Anne of Bohemia ;(m. 1382; died 1394);)
(+ Spouse2 Isabella of Valois ;(m. 1396)
|
------------------------------------------------
Henry IV
Henry IV of England,
Henry IV of England, King of England
Henry Bolingbroke
Father John of Gaunt, son of Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault
Mother Blanche of Lancaster
Henry IV
(1367-1413) (r. 1399--1413)
(c.;April 1367 – 20 March 1413), (r. 30 September 1399 – 20 March 1413)
(+ Spouse1 Mary de Bohun ;(m. 1381; died 1394);_
(+ Spouse2 Joan of Navarre ;(m. 1403))
|
Henry V
Henry V of England
------------------------------------------------
Henry V
King of England (more...)
Reign 21 March 1413 – 31 August 1422
Coronation 9 April 1413
Predecessor Henry IV
Successor Henry VI
---------------------------------------------------------
Regent of France
Regency 21 May 1420 – 31 August 1422
Monarch Charles VI
Born 16 September 1386 Monmouth Castle, Wales, Kingdom of England
Died 31 August 1422 (aged 35) Chateau de Vincennes, Kingdom of France
Burial 7 November 1422 Westminster Abbey, London
Spouse
Catherine of Valois ;(m. 1420);
Issue Henry VI
House Lancaster
Father Henry IV of England
Mother Mary de Bohun
Henry V of England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England
|
Henry VI
Henry VI of England
Henry VI
(6 December 1421 – 21 May 1471)
King of England from 1422 to 1461 , at the age of (9) nine months
King of England from 1470 to 1471
King of France from 1422 to 1453 *disputed ~ at the age of (9) nine months +
The only child of Henry V,
he succeeded to the English throne upon his father's death, at the age of (9) nine months,
and succeeded to the French throne on the death of his maternal grandfather, Charles VI, shortly afterwards.
Henry VI
Henry VI of England
Henry VI
House Lancaster
Father Henry V of England
Mother Catherine of Valois
Henry VI
Born 6 December 1421, Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England
Died 21 May 1471 (aged 49), Tower of London, London, England
Burial
1471, Chertsey Abbey, Surrey, England;
1484, 12 August 1484, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, England
Spouse
Margaret of Anjou ;(m. 1445);
Issue
Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales (Edward of Lancaster)
(13 October 1453 – 4 May 1471), also known as Edward of Lancaster, was the only son of Henry VI of England and Margaret of Anjou. He was killed aged (17) seventeen at the Battle of Tewkesbury.
Edward's body is buried at Tewkesbury Abbey. His widow, Anne Neville, married the Duke of Gloucester, who eventually succeeded as Richard III in 1483.
Spouse Anne Neville ;(m. 1470)
House Lancaster
Father Henry V of England
Mother Catherine of Valois
Henry VI of England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England
|
x House Lancaster
|
Edward IV of England
Edward IV, King of England
b.1442-d.1483
Edward IV
(28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483)
King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470,
King of England from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483.
He was a central figure in the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars in England
fought between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions between 1455 and 1487.
Edward IV, King of England
Edward IV of England
Father Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
Mother Cecily Neville
Born 28 April 1442, Rouen, Normandy, France
Died 9 April 1483 (aged 40), Westminster, Middlesex, England
Burial 18 April 1483, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Spouse
Elizabeth Woodville ;(m. 1464);
Issue
Elizabeth, Queen of England
Cecily, Viscountess Welles
Edward V of England
Richard, Duke of York
Anne, Lady Howard
Catherine, Countess of Devon
Bridget of York
Arthur, Viscount Lisle (ill.)
House York
Father Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
Mother Cecily Neville
Edward IV of England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England
|
Edward V
Edward V , King of England
Edward V of England,
( b.1470 - d.1483 ) (r. 9th Apr 1483-25 June 1483 )
House York
Father Edward IV of England
Mother Elizabeth Woodville
Edward V
(2 November 1470 – c.;mid-1483 (aged 12))
King of England from 9 April to 25 June 1483.
He succeeded his father, Edward IV, upon the latter's death.
Edward V was never crowned,
and his brief reign was dominated by the influence of his uncle and Lord Protector, the Duke of Gloucester, who deposed him to reign as King Richard III;
this was confirmed by the Act entitled Titulus Regius, which denounced any further claims through his father's heirs.
Edward V and his younger brother Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, were the Princes in the Tower who disappeared after being sent to heavily guarded royal lodgings in the Tower of London. Responsibility for their deaths is widely attributed to Richard III, but the lack of solid evidence and conflicting contemporary accounts allow for other possibilities.
Disappearance
Main article: Princes in the Tower
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower
Literature
Fiction
C. Lysah – The Little Princes in the Tower (1892)
Elaine M. Alphin – Tournament of Time (1994)
Sonya Hartnett - Princes (1997)
Valerie Anand – Crown of Roses (1989)
Margaret Campbell Barnes – The Tudor Rose (1953)
Emma Darwin – A Secret Alchemy (2009)
John M. Ford - The Dragon Waiting: A Masque of History (1983)
Elizabeth George – "I, Richard" (short story) (2002)
Philippa Gregory
The White Queen (2009)
The Red Queen (2010)
The Kingmaker's Daughter (2012)
The White Princess (2013)
Margaret Peterson Haddix
Found (2008)
Sent (2009)
Rosemary Hawley Jarman – "We Speak No Treason" (1971)
Sharon Kay Penman – The Sunne in Splendour (1982)
Elizabeth Peters – The Murders of Richard III (1974)
Anne Easter Smith
A Rose for the Crown (2008)
The Daughter of York (2008)
The King's Grace (2009)
Royal Mistress (2013)
Jason Charles – The Claws of Time (2017)
William Shakespeare – Richard III (circa 1595)
Josephine Tey – The Daughter of Time (1951)
George R. R. Martin - A Clash of Kings (1998), where the bodies of two young boys, thought to be princes, are found hanged and burned. Martin's A Game of Thrones is inspired in part by the Wars of the Roses.
Jodi Taylor - Plan for the Worst (2020)
Non-fiction
Horace Walpole – Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of Richard III (1768)
Markham, Clements (1906). Richard III: His Life and Character.
Audrey Williamson – The Mystery of the Princes (1978)
Giles St. Aubyn – The Year of Three Kings, 1483 (Atheneum, 1983)
A. J. Pollard – Richard III and the Princes in the Tower (1991)
Alison Weir – The Princes in the Tower (1992)
Bert Fields – Royal Blood: Richard III and the mystery of the princes (HarperCollins, 1998) (ISBN 0-06-039269-X)
Josephine Wilkinson – The Princes in the Tower (2013)
John Ashdown-Hill - The Mythology of the "Princes in the Tower" (2018)
Nathen Amin - Henry VII and the Tudor Pretenders; Simnel, Warbeck and Warwick (2020)
Philippa Langley- The Princes in the Tower: Solving History's Greatest Cold Case (The History Press, 2023)
Television
The first series of the British sitcom Blackadder is set in a comic alternative history where the Princes in the Tower survived and grew to adulthood. Prince Richard, the father of main protagonist Edmund Plantagenet, assumed the throne as Richard IV following the accidental death of Richard III after a Yorkist victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field. There is no explanation of what became of Edward V. According to the show, Henry VII assumed power after the finale and erased Richard IV's reign from history, along with ruining the reputation of Richard III.[107]
An episode of the Canadian children's documentary series Mystery Hunters is dedicated to the unsolved case of the missing princes.
In 1984, Channel 4 broadcast a four-hour "trial"[108] of Richard III on the charge of murdering the princes. The presiding judge was Lord Elwyn-Jones and the barristers were recruited from the Queen's Counsel, but had to remain anonymous. Expert witnesses included David Starkey. The jury was composed of ordinary citizens. The burden of proof was left to the prosecution. The jury found in favour of the defendant.
In 2005 Channel 4 and RDF Media produced a drama entitled Princes in the Tower about the interrogation of Perkin Warbeck, in which Warbeck almost convinces Henry VII that he really is Richard, Duke of York. The real Princes are shown by Margaret Beaufort to be still alive, but insane after many years imprisoned in chains in a cell.
The Black Butler anime episode "His Butler, in an Isolated Castle" features the ghosts of the two young princes.
The 2013 BBC One 10-part TV series The White Queen is an adaptation of Philippa Gregory's novels The White Queen (2009), The Red Queen (2010) and The Kingmaker's Daughter (2012).
The 2017 Starz miniseries The White Princess is an adaptation of Philippa Gregory's novel of the same name which speculates on the fate of Prince Richard.
In 2023, Robert Rinder and Philippa Langley presented a Channel 4 programme, The Princes in the Tower: The New Evidence.[109]
Main article: Princes in the Tower
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower
List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1910
Mid-1483
Edward V of England 12 yo age London, England
Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York 9 yo age London, England
The Princes in the Tower,
Edward V of England and Richard of Shrewsbury,
sons of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville,
were placed
in the Tower of London
(which at that time served as a fortress and a royal palace as well as a prison)
by their uncle
Richard III of England.
Neither was ever seen in public again and their fate remains unknown.
The remains of four children that have been found could be the princes,
but they have not been subjected to DNA analysis to positively identify them.
"World Reviewer. Retrieved March 21, 2011". World Reviewer. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
Travis, Alan (5 February 2013). Viner, Katherine; Berkett, Neil; Thomas, Annette (eds.).
"Why the princes in the tower are staying six feet under". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom of Great Britain: Guardian Media Group plc (Scott Trust Limited). ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021.
List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1910
Main article: Princes in the Tower
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower
Edward V of England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_V_of_England
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Richard III
Richard III of England
Richard III, King of England
Richard III
b.1452-1485
Richard III
(2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485)
King of England from 26 June 1483 until his death in 1485.
He was the last king of the Plantagenet dynasty
and its cadet branch the House of York.
Richard III of England
Richard III, King of England
Richard III
b.1452-1485
Richard III
House York
Father Richard of York
Mother Cecily Neville
Richard III
King of England (more...)
Reign 26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485
Coronation 6 July 1483
Predecessor Edward V
Successor Henry VII
Richard III
Born 2 October 1452, Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England
Died 22 August 1485 (aged 32), Bosworth Field, Leicestershire, England
Burial
25 August 1485, Greyfriars, Leicester
26 March 2015, Leicester Cathedral
Richard III
Spouse
Anne Neville
;
Richard III of England
Richard III, King of England
b.1452-1485
Richard III
;(m. 1472; died 1485);
Issue
Detail
Edward, Prince of Wales
John of Gloucester (ill.)
Katherine, Countess of Pembroke (ill.)
House York
Father Richard of York
Mother Cecily Neville
Richard III of England
Richard III, King of England
b.1452-1485
Richard was slain, making him the last English king to die in battle.
Henry Tudor then ascended the throne as Henry VII.
Richard's corpse was taken to the nearby town of Leicester and buried without ceremony. His original tomb monument is believed to have been removed during the English Reformation, and his remains were wrongly thought to have been thrown into the River Soar.
Richard III of England
Richard III, King of England
b.1452-1485
In 2012, an archaeological excavation was commissioned by Philippa Langley with the assistance of the Richard III Society on the site previously occupied by Grey Friars Priory. The University of Leicester identified the human skeleton found at the site as that of Richard III as a result of radiocarbon dating, comparison with contemporary reports of his appearance, identification of trauma sustained at Bosworth and comparison of his mitochondrial DNA with that of two matrilineal descendants of his sister Anne. He was reburied in Leicester Cathedral in 2015.
Richard III of England
Richard III, King of England
b.1452-1485
His defeat and death at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the last decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, marked the end of the Middle Ages in England.
Richard was created Duke of Gloucester in 1461 after the accession of his brother Edward IV.
Richard III of England
Richard III, King of England
b.1452-1485
In 1472, he married Anne Neville, daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick and widow of Edward of Westminster, son of Henry VI.
He governed northern England during Edward's reign, and played a role in the invasion of Scotland in 1482.
Richard III of England
Richard III, King of England
b.1452-1485
When Edward IV died in April 1483, Richard was named Lord Protector of the realm for Edward's eldest son and successor, the 12-year-old Edward V.
Richard III of England
Richard III, King of England
b.1452-1485
Before arrangements were complete for Edward V's coronation, scheduled for 22 June 1483, the marriage of his parents was declared bigamous and therefore invalid.
Richard III of England
Richard III, King of England
b.1452-1485
Now officially illegitimate, Edward and his siblings were barred from inheriting the throne.
On 25 June, an assembly of lords and commoners endorsed a declaration to this effect, and proclaimed Richard as the rightful king. He was crowned on 6 July 1483. Edward and his younger brother Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, called the "Princes in the Tower", disappeared from the Tower of London around August 1483.
Accusations were circulating that they had been murdered on King Richard's orders, even before the Tudor dynasty became the established rulers two years later.
Richard III of England
Richard III, King of England
b.1452-1485
Richard III of England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_England
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Edward I, King of England b 1239 d 1307 r. 1272-1307
Edward I, King of England b 1239 d 1307
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England
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YDNA of Edward I King of England b 1239 d 1307
YDNA of Edward I King of England b 1239 d 1307
© Copyright: Eanna Inna Balzina-Balzin, 2024
© Copyright: Èííà Áàëüçèíà-Áàëüçèí, 2024
#DNA #YDNA #England #King #EdwardI #Aleksander #Nikolaevich #Balzin
Agnatic descendants of Rollo:
Rollo, d. ~927, Count of Rouen 911-927
William Longsword, 893-942, Count of Rouen 927-942
Richard I of Normandy the Fearless, 932-996, Count of Rouen 942-996
Richard II, Duke of Normandy, the Good, d. 1026, Duke of Normandy 996-1026
Richard III, Duke of Normandy, 998-1027, Duke of Normandy 1026-1027
Nicolas of Normandy (illegitimate), 1027-1092, Abbot of Saint-Ouen 1042-1092
Robert I, Duke of Normandy, the Magnificent, 1000-1035, Duke of Normandy 1027-1035
William the Conqueror (illegitimate but succeeded as duke), 1028-1087, Duke of Normandy 1035-1087, King of England 1066-1087
Robert Curthose, 1051-1134, Duke of Normandy 1087-1106
William Clito, 1102-1128, Count of Flanders 1127-1128
Richard of Normandy, 1054-1070
William II of England, King of England 1087-1100
Henry I of England, King of England 1100-1135, Duke of Normandy 1106-1135
William Adelin, 1103-1120
various illegitimate children
William of Normandy, 1008-1025
Mauger, 1019-1055, Archbishop of Rouen 1037-1053
William of Talou, d. 1086, Count of Arques
Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen 989-1037, Count of Evreux 989-1037, Regent of Normandy 1035-1037
Richard, Count of Evreux, 1015-1067, Count of Evreux 1037-1067
William, Count of Evreux, Count of Evreux 1067-1118
Ralph de Gace, the Ass-Headed, d. 1051
Robert de Gace
William d'Evreux
Hugh De Lacy
multiple children
Mauger, Count of Corbeil, 988-1032
Geoffrey, Count of Eu (illegitimate), d. 1010, Count of Eu 996-1010
descendants
William I, Count of Eu (illegitimate), d. 1057, Count of Eu 1040-1057
descendants
Edward I, King of England b 1239 d 1307
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England
_______________________________________________________
YDNA of Edward I King of England b 1239 d 1307
YDNA of Edward I King of England b 1239 d 1307
© Copyright: Eanna Inna Balzina-Balzin, 2024
© Copyright: Èííà Áàëüçèíà-Áàëüçèí, 2024
#DNA #YDNA #England #King #EdwardI #Aleksander #Nikolaevich #Balzin
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