The space of Electromagnetic Interactions is ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space. Why is it being considered ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space? Subatomic particles (electrons, quarks) they have a huge energy-mass density (specific energy and specific mass) relative to the volume they occupy, for example, the specific density of an electron is at least 10 thousand tons per cubic centimeter (this is easily calculated: the classical electron radius is 2.82 x 10 ^ -13 cm, the mass is 9.109383 x 10 ^ -31 kg), therefore, the curvature of space occurs in the place of their formation and existence, like the curvature of space near massive macro objects in the galaxy. And also because the space of a higher n–dimensional level is less discrete compared to the space of a lower level. For example , rotation in four - dimensional space ( in space 3+1+1 ) it is determined by six angular parameters, as opposed to three angular parameters in three-dimensional space and four coordinates, and not three as in three-dimensional space. Therefore, for example, a wave having a continuous front in ( 3+1+1 ) space will have the form of a discontinuous discrete structure corresponding to the quantum structure of particles in (3+1) space. Spin also contributes to the kind of quantum structure of particles in (3+1) space.
Level 1 is the Space Of Electromagnetic Interactions. It is associated with the idea of protons and neutrons, which consist of quarks of this level, u-quarks and d-quarks. (The mass of the u-quark is 2.3 MeV, the mass of the d–quark is 4.8 MeV).
Consider the internal charging space of level 1 - the Space of Electromagnetic Interactions. The internally charged Space of Electromagnetic Interactions can be depicted in the form of a three-dimensional space familiar to us, one of the planes of which is the plane of electric field strength E, the second plane is the plane of magnetic field strength H, and the third plane is the plane of magnetic induction B. Then we got a three-dimensional space that will satisfy the above conditions.
From the point of view of an observer located in this space, the photon will represent an oscillatory component in the plane of the electric field strength E and an oscillatory component in the plane perpendicular to the plane E. The oscillation frequency, which means its energy, will depend on the orientation of the vibrational component of the photon located in the plane of the electric field strength E relative to the planes of the magnetic field strength H and the plane of magnetic induction B and will take values from the infrared spectrum to gamma radiation (see Fig.3).
In the isotopic space of level 1 space ( 3+1+1 ) the photon is not quantized. It is a continuous wave created by the vibrations of its oscillatory components. Our (3+1 ) space is more discrete than the space ( 3+1+1 ), because higher-order spaces are less discrete than lower-order spaces. Only from the point of view of our (3+1) dimensional space, when it rotates around the spin axes, it acquires the properties of single quanta and rotational motion in one direction or the other, depending on the location of the vibrational component (to the left or right of the axis of oscillation of the gamma quantum) in space ( 3+1+1 ).
The energy mass of a gamma quantum is equal to the energy mass of an electron and is 0.51 eV, i.e. when the gamma radiation energy is equal to 1.02 eV, the reverse annihilation process can occur - an electron–positron pair can be formed from two gamma quanta. In fact, an electron is a converted gamma quantum. The electron has a rotational component in the plane of electric tension E and an oscillatory component in the plane perpendicular to the plane of electric tension E. The projection of the rotational-vibrational component of the electron on the plane E gives the electron charge equal to -1, on the plane H - a dipole magnetic charge.
A particle whose vibrational component lies in the B plane and has rotation in this plane is called a neutrino. As you know, there are three types of neutrinos: electron, muon and taon. The electron neutrino has the lowest energy. The mass of the electron neutrino is less than 0.28 eV . A muon neutrino has an energy greater than an electron neutrino (the electronic part of it is less than 0.28 eV) A Tau neutrino has an energy greater than that of an electron and taon neutrino (the electronic part is less than 0.28 eV). The difference in energies between electron, muon and taon neutrinos is explained by the additional energy that appears due to the appearance of additional degrees of freedom at the level of 2 strong interactions and level 3 weak interactions. (see fig.3) The neutrino has no electric charge and does not interact with magnetic fields, because its projection on the plane of the electric field strength E and the projection on the plane of the magnetic intensity are zero.
The neutrino has a rotational component in the plane of magnetic induction B, and, as a result, has an antiparticle - an antineutrino. The antiparticle always has a rotational component opposite to the particle. The rotation of the neutrino in the plane of magnetic induction B explains that the neutrino does not interact well with other particles. It constantly changes the direction of the oscillation vector in the plane of magnetic induction B. In order for a neutrino to interact with another particle, it is necessary that the directions of their oscillations coincide or there is an angle between them not less than a certain value. Officially, it is believed that a neutrino has an oscillation, i.e., when it moves, it is transformed from a neutrino of one kind into a neutrino of another kind. The intensity of the components of other types of neutrinos present in neutrinos of this type is proportional to the coefficients of their mixing in it (see Fig.4).
But such a statement seems absurd, because it is impossible for an electron neutrino with a mass of less than 0.28 eV to suddenly turn into a muon neutrino or a taon neutrino during its movement in space, because each type of neutrino is born with a certain reaction, in a space with a certain amount of energy (in the Space of electromagnetic interactions, the Space of strong or weak interactions ) and it is impossible to imagine, so that a neutrino with less energy turns into a neutrino with more energy. The explanation of the change in the frequency of neutrino oscillations may consist in the fact that when its vibrational component rotates in the plane of magnetic induction B, the oscillation energy periodically changes harmoniously, and therefore the frequency of neutrino oscillations, which is observed for each type of neutrino.
In this case, we are dealing with the appearance of an additional fifth dimension, which includes the familiar (3+1) dimensional space. The greater the energy-momentum of quarks , the stronger the curvature of space. The curvature of space by the energy - momentum of particles and quarks generates the appearance in the curved space of special properties of the curved space - energy levels (the Space of Electromagnetic interactions, the Space of Strong Interactions and the Space of Weak Interactions. ) The maximum value of the curvature of space reaches for particles and quarks of the Space of Weak Interactions, since they have the greatest energy-momentum.
Under the influence of curved space , moving particles ( having velocity v ) acquire a property called mass. ( For more information , see "The relationship between fundamental physical quantities") Under the influence of the curved space in the energy spiral, along which the transition from the Space of Electromagnetic Interactions to our (3+1) space takes place, the projection of a moving particle onto the plane of electric intensity E in the Space of Electromagnetic Interactions acquires a property called charge. The distribution of energy levels during the curvature of space is shown in Fig. 5.
The geometric curvature of space, defined as the presence of a scalar field potential, makes it possible not to resort to describing the properties of particles in a ten-dimensional space with the search for incomprehensible physical meanings, and the participation of Higgs bosons, the meaning of which is invented, but to describe the properties of particles when an additional ( 3+1+1 ) measurements with three ( and possibly more ) energy levels ( Spaces of Electromagnetic Interactions, Spaces of Strong Interactions and Spaces of Weak Interactions ), which has an understandable physical meaning and is a consequence of GRT.
An electron and quarks of level 1 are stable attractor particles having their components in the Space of Electromagnetic Interactions, in the Space of Strong Interactions (an electron has no component in the Space of Strong Interactions) and in the Space of Weak Interactions. A proton consists of two u-quarks and one d-quark.
A neutron consists of two d-quarks and one u-quark. The D-quark has a rotational-vibrational component in the plane of the electric field strength E and an oscillatory component perpendicular to the plane of the electric field strength E. The U-quark has a rotational-vibrational component in the plane of the magnetic field strength H and an oscillatory component perpendicular to the plane of the electric field strength H. If there were no curvature of space by the energy - momentum of particles and the resulting gravitational field, they would not differ from each other, but due to the different effect of the gravitational field on them, they acquire different properties.
A proton differs from a neutron by its rotation in the internal isotopic space by an angle of 90; from the plane of the electric field strength E to the plane of the magnetic field strength H (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). The projection of the d-quark on the plane of the electric field strength E gives an electric charge equal to +2/3. The projection of the u-quark on the plane of the electric field strength gives a charge of -1/3. Therefore, the total electric charge in the neutron is zero, and in the proton + 1. The proton and neutron also have their quark constituents at level 2, the level of Strong Interactions. This explains why they have nuclear forces.
The electron neutrino exists only on one level - the level of Electromagnetic Interactions. It, electron and quarks are attractor particles in which energy transfer does not occur and therefore they can exist theoretically indefinitely. The events taking place in the inner isotopic space differ from the events of our (3+1) dimensional space. Therefore, some familiar postulates may not be fulfilled. For example, general relativity limits the maximum possible propagation velocity of interactions to the speed of light. However, in the quantum world, this condition can be violated. This phenomenon is called quantum entanglement. But it would be correct to have its quantum connectivity. This is a phenomenon that can be considered as a resonance of particle energies arising during the simultaneous formation of a pair (or several) particles with the same characteristics, for example, two quanta of light moving in opposite directions having the same momentum and consistent oscillation pattern. If one of the quanta is rotated clockwise, there is an instantaneous change in the characteristic of the other particle - the second quantum will turn counterclockwise to compensate for the changed moment of the amount of motion of the first quantum. That is , in the Space of Electromagnetic Interactions , the orientation of particles is of great importance and at the same time they have the property of instantaneously ( above the speed of light ) transmit the change
characteristics of energy in the bound state.
The space of Electromagnetic Interactions is the most potentially low energy space compared to the other two spaces. The space of Strong Interactions is potentially - energetically higher. The space of Weak Interactions is even more potentially energetically high. The transition of particle energy from a space with a lower energy level to a space with a higher energy level occurs along an energy spiral with an increasing energy density. The energy of such transitions is potential. This means that the sum of kinetic and potential energies is preserved during the formation, existence and decay of particles.
The spiral has a predominantly left direction. This explains the asymmetry of our world - the violation of certain symmetries (for example, the difference between particles and antiparticles); violation of the law of conservation of parity in weak interactions, in which the left particles, whose spin is opposite to the momentum, and not the right ones, are subject to weak interaction.