UDC 23/28
Deacon Dmitry Mayorov,
Tyumen Orthodox Theological College,
Candidate of Theology,
e-mail: dmitriy1967@hotbox.ru
The theology of culture and culture of theology: the dichotomy of social and humanitarian status of Orthodox theology in modern Russia
Annotation. The author of this article attempts to apply the theological phenomenology of Heidegger's concept of theology and culture in P. Tillich, in the context of resolving the situation that has arisen around the introduction to the list of scientific specialties of the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC) theology as an academic discipline. It is no secret that in the field of social and humanitarian knowledge in modern Russia emerged contraries positions of scientists, to accept or reject theology as a science. In the West, despite the process of deep secularization of public life, theology as a university discipline has always been present in the classic western education. In modern Russian theology as a scientific specialty has existed since 2000. However, some Russian scientists still dispute the status of theology as a science. The author tried to indicate a way out of the situation.
Deacon Dmitry Mayorov, Candidate of Theology
Tyumen Orthodox Theological College
e-mail: dmitriy1967@hotbox.ru
The theology of culture and culture of theology: the dichotomy of social and humanitarian status of Orthodox theology in modern Russia
Annotation. The author of this article attempts to apply the theological phenomenology of Heidegger's concept of theology and culture in P. Tillich, in the context of resolving the situation that has arisen around the introduction to the list of scientific specialties of the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC) theology as an academic discipline. It is no secret that in the field of social and humanitarian knowledge in modern Russia emerged contraries positions of scientists, to accept or reject theology as a science. In the West, despite the process of deep secularization of public life, theology as a university specialty has always been present in the classic western education. In modern Russian theology as a scientific specialty has existed since 2000. However, some Russian scientists still dispute the status of theology as a science. The author tried to indicate a way out of the situation.
As it became known recently, "The Presidium of the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC) under the Ministry of Education and Science approved a Russian passport scientific specialty" Theology ", giving it official status" (WAC assigned the code of this specialty - 26.00.01 Theology) [1]. Immediately, controversy erupted in the media - and left - anti-church and right - the church. The essence of the fear of the first - there clericalisation science, ie, penetration is extremely incompetent clerics in the higher realms of advanced science [2]. Fears of Second - the erosion of the concept of theology as an academic form of a particular denominational theology. After all, in the West there is no single concept of "theology." She always confessional, for example, Islamic, Jewish, Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant. In the West, there are already about Millennium relevant department and the [3]. However, neither they nor others do not argue, as in the recent past, there is a theology of science. This is to some extent the progress, or rather - a recognition of the need to return to research and teaching practice of pre-revolutionary Russia, where people with theological degrees quietly taught in public universities, scientists from secular degrees taught at the Theological Academy. [4]
In the West theology conflicts around like a Russian, does not even arise. So Heidegger in his "Phenomenology and Theology" writes: "Theology is the science of faith. It means a lot:
1) Theology is the science of faith unfolded, that is, the content of faith. So, what we believe, we are not at the same time something than to agree with the system as the statements of facts and events, which, when available theoretical discretion, can also be learned by just this agreement with them.
2) at the same time theology is the science of the behavior of the believer, the fact of the faith, which is what she did can be respectively its internal capabilities just as frank. This means that the faith of the believer as the behavior itself is what they believe, she refers to the content of faith.
3) Theology has further the science of faith, not only because the faith and veruemoe she takes as its subject, but also because she comes from faith. It is a science that creates and justifies faith in itself.
4) Finally, theology is the science of faith, not only because the faith is its subject and it is motivated by faith, but also because the objectification of faith itself in agreement with the fact that it objectified, becoming the only goal to formalize and develop its part itself belief. However, from a formal point of view as ekzistiruyuschego relation to faith is the way of the Crucified is the historical-being of human existence and it is the historical existence in the history that is revealed only by faith and only faith. Therefore, theology, as the science of faith as some kind of event - and with tons of p and h e c a o m (geschichtlich) way of being, is in its deepest basis and with tons of p and h e c a I (historische) science - the science of history of a special kind, according to the event-specific historicity, done in faith - "event of revelation" [5].
In another legacy of the Protestant philosopher and theologian Paul Tillich (1886-1965), you can also find lots of ideas, laws assert that the way to resolve the existing fruitful in Russia confrontation over theology. So Tillich is known primarily for his work "The Protestant Era» (The Protestant Era, 1948), "Systematic Theology» (Systematic Theology, v. 1-3, 1951-1963), «The courage to be» (The Courage To Be, 1952), "New Being» (The New Being, 1955), "Eternal Now» (The Eternal Now, 1963). In each of them, anyway, is the problem of confrontation theology and the whole complex of engineering sciences and human sciences. In the Russian language is the main works have been translated. And, since the 90s of the last century, they have become the object of attention of modern Russian scientists, and some of them have already defended candidate and doctoral dissertations based on the work of Tillich [6], [7]. No less interesting are the attempts of the Orthodox theological reflection Heritage P. Tillich [8], [9].
In very few words the concept of theology of culture developed in the same labor P. Tillich, can be defined as the depth of content, not only culture, but also of epistemology, ethics, aesthetics. He writes that "religion - not a special feature of the spiritual life of man, and the depth component of all its functions." [10, pp 239] ... "Religion opens up the depth of man's spiritual life, usually hidden by dust of everyday life and the noise of our secular work. It gives us the experience of the sacred, of what you can not touch that inspires awe, ultimate meaning, the source of ultimate courage "[10, pp 241] ..." Religion as ultimate concern is the substance, gives meaning to the culture, and culture is the sum of the form in which it is expressed the fundamental interests of religion. In short, religion - the substance of culture, culture - a form of religion "[10, pp 266]. Of course there is not only the spiritual culture, but also the material. But it has a sacred form "a sacred art style found in the Greek Orthodox tradition" [10, pp 270].
Such an understanding of culture as a form of religion, and we find in the Orthodox Church. So in the "Basic Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church," it said (XIV.3): «The Latin word cultura, meaning" cultivation "," education "," education "," development ", comes from the word cultus -" veneration "," worship "," cult ". This points to the religious roots of culture. Having created man, God put him in paradise and ordered him to cultivate and keep His creation (Genesis. 2. 15). Culture as the preservation of the world and taking care of it is God-commanded duty of man ...
The Church has assimilated much of humanity created in the arts and culture, melting the fruits of creative work in the furnace of religious experience, trying to clear them of spiritually pernicious elements and then to teach people. She sanctifies various aspects of culture and gives much for its development. Orthodox icon-painter, poet, philosopher, musician, architect, writer, actor and seek the means of art to express the experience of spiritual renewal they have found in themselves and wish to offer to others. ...
The secular culture can be a bearer of the Gospel. This is particularly important in those cases when Christian influence in society weakens or when the secular authorities in an open struggle with the Church. Thus, in the years of state atheism, Russian classical literature, poetry, painting and music became for many almost the only sources of religious knowledge. Cultural traditions help to preserve and enrich the spiritual heritage in a rapidly changing world "[11].
Finishing the main book of his life, IA. Ilyin wrote: "The responsibility of the person - spiritual, religious and moral - is the supreme gift, and high calling, coming from God. All attempts to fold it away - and wrong unizhayuschi; and more than that - they just are not feasible. But all attempts to cheat in this case his Christian conscience and God - miserable and blasphemous. The true solution to this great and for the whole of human culture the inevitable question, the correct way out of this tragic job - is the necessary resistance to evil by force with the adoption of responsibility nA its decision and to act, and with the inevitable followed, vsezhiznennym moral and religious cleansing. This is the outcome ukazuemy Orthodox Christianity "[12, pp 580].
So, in the above thoughts western Christian philosophers, and among Orthodox Christians there are general ideas, allowing to consider the current situation in Russia, the situation around the legalization of theological education as an unfortunate misunderstanding of the modern humanities value theology in the formation of culture, science, aesthetics and morality. It is no coincidence that modern Russian humanists find themselves in a deep systemic crisis, associated with one hand with the lack of a full-fledged professional theological education at the universities of Russia, on the other hand - there is a lack of understanding on the part of Western colleagues domestic modern humanities deprived familiar to them the theological aspects of the study.
It is necessary to pull the modern domestic humanitarian knowledge of the strange isolation, from which it would be possible to give to the fall of the "iron curtain". We need a return to the origins of the interaction of domestic religious and secular education. We are vitally important and the return of human knowledge to global philosophical and religious course. That, in the opinion of the author, the path of the modern Russian humanitarian thought in the coming decades. In this way, the establishment of faculties of theology with the ability to protect academic degrees in theology, including Tyumen - is inevitable.
Literature:
1. Theology became Russia's scientific specialty. El. Resource: http://lenta.ru/news/2015/10/12/theology/ (date treatment 10/30/15)
2. "Instead of the parish priests of the three attendants go to the Russian State Humanitarian University." What threatens the introduction of WAC specialty "theology". El. Resource: http://www.gazeta.ru/science/2015/10/13_a_7816751.shtml (date treatment 10/30/15). «PhD in theology exist in many countries, including France and Germany, including the classical universities. WAC decided that as long as we will not have any candidates or doctors of theology. Perhaps a hundred years, maybe two years, "- he said Filippov (chapter WAC). At first, those who protect themselves in "theology", will receive the degree in Philology, Philosophy, or, for example, art.
3. Archpriest Vladimir Vorobiev. Half-measures. What actually happens with theology? El. Resource: (date of treatment 10/30/15). Archpriest Vladimir Vorobiev, rector Rector PSTGU, a member of the Interagency Coordination Group for the teaching of theology at universities told why the recent decision by HAC RF decision to include theology in the range of scientific disciplines is unlikely to suit the Russian Orthodox Church and other traditional religions of Russia: "Indeed, at first glance, we witnessed a landmark event, but let's look at the chronicle of events. HAC Chairman Vladimir Filippov, the former Minister of Education, presented the decision as a gift to the Church on the occasion of the Christmas Readings. This news was greeted with a standing ovation and delight - the crowded Hall of Church Councils just elated, because all the participants know how many years and effort it took to ensure that theology has finally been recognized by the state. But the next day the media published an interview Filippova, this agency "Interfax", and later appeared similar notes in other editions, where the chairman of the WAC explained that, although theology and entered in the range of scientific disciplines, either candidate or doctoral degree in theology it will be impossible to obtain! And dissertation councils in theology too will not be! Anyway, we have to spend a great effort and sometimes humiliating to hear sermons in the theology of incompetent people to defend the theological work of the Council on philosophy, history, philology, sociology, cultural studies, pedagogy, not theology. And some wonderful works representing great scientific value and can not be "pulled" through these councils, whose members often do not know even basic theological terminology. In his speech at the opening of the Christmas Readings Patriarch Kirill expressed his surprise at this point: "In the world you can become a doctor of theology, and in Russia it is impossible!" What is the meaning of the formal inclusion of theology in the WAC, while maintaining the ban on protection of theological theses ?! Moreover, the chairman of WAC said that he still had to process a passport scientific specialty "theology" to make it a non-denominational. But that could mean the absurd phrase "non-denominational theology", except that the people who use it, does not seem to fully understand the meaning of these words? "
4. Sukhov NY scientific and theological system certification in Russia in the XIX - early XX century. M .: Publishing House PSTGU, 2009. - 676 p.
5. M. Heidegger. Phenomenologie und Theologie. In: Heidegger M., Phenomenologie und Theologie, Frankfurt a. M., 1970, SS. 13-33)
6. Lifintseva, Tatiana Philosophy and Theology of Paul Tillich: the dissertation ... Doctors of philosophical sciences: 09.00.03 / Lifintseva Tatiana; [A protection Place: Institute of Philosophy Academy of Sciences], Moscow, 2009.
7. injections, Kirill I. The concept of character in the philosophy of religion of Paul Tillich: abstract dis. ... The candidate of philosophical sciences: 09.00.14 / Ukolov Kirill I.; [A protection Place: Orthodox St. Tikhon Humanitarian University Press], Moscow, 2011.
8. SS Pimenov Dr. Paul Tillich: About traditions, originality and theological effort / SS Pimenov - M .: Publishing House PSTGU, 2013. - 424 p.
9. Comparative Theology: German Protestantism XX century: Texts with comments / comp., Bus. introduced. Christophe Gestrih; per., bus. enter. Articles KI shot. - M.: Publishing house PSTGU, 2009. - 552 p.
10. Paul Tillich. Favorites: Theology of Culture. Trans. from English. - M .: Lawyer, 1995. 479 pp. - (Faces of Culture).
11. Basic Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Council of Bishops in 2000 Official website of the Moscow Patriarchate. El. Resource: http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/419128.html (date treatment 10/30/15)
12. IA Ilyin Axioms of religious experience / IA Ilyin. - M .: OOO "Publishing ACT», 2002. - 586, [6]. - (Philosophy).