Dmitry Mayorov 2
The school year begins . That will take students from the textbooks , but the facts ? A good teacher, in addition to the dry material will try to tell you how hard people acquire knowledge , how difficult was life scientists make discoveries . As they moved , what goals they set before him ? Scientists earlier times , remaining people of faith , believing in a reasonable dispensation of the world, looking for traces of God in the universe - and were discovering . They are often faced with the prevailing views. In previous years, saying that this is inevitable confrontation between faith and knowledge . Is this true ? On the example of the great Italian scientist Galileo Galilei consider this conflict .
GREAT SCIENTIST
Easy to read the biography of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and find it works in Russian . ( Selected works in two volumes. M. Ed. "Science" , 1964 ) Every Former school known for its mechanical and astronomical discoveries. In 1609, a scientist sent them an improved telescope to the sky and discovered that the Milky Way - it's billions of stars. For Jupiter, he discovered four moons , later named after him - Galileo : Io, Europa , Ganymede and Callisto. Armed optics look Scientists have discovered the highest (up to 10 km !) Mountains on the moon, spots on the sun and its rotation , the phases of Venus, and in the last years of his life in front of blindness - the libration of the Moon ( small wiggle relative to the Earth ) . Galileo's writings are known for hydrostatics , probability theory , ballistics , determination of maximum flight range of the projectile. It was the world's first artillery tables . Scientist painted pictures , played the lute , he taught at the universities of Pisa , Padua , Florence.
THERE WAS A CONFLICT ?
Older people immediately remember that they persistently talked about the conflict with the Catholic Church of Galileo , which has subjected its Inquisition and sentenced to life under house arrest. Then the scientist was forced to renounce his major work - " Talk Concerning the Two Chief World Systems ", Ptolemaic and Copernican . Beautifully told how " persecuted church scientist" last words uttered in a whisper , " And yet it (the Earth ) moves' . Even now , few know that this legend , who was born one and a half centuries after Galileo's death . The Soviet people are usually not thought about why Catholics condemned the book points to the world as God's creation . Lose sight of the obvious fact that the scientist was a deeply religious man. In the biography of Galileo and found that the scientist sincere desire to become a priest , and the fact that two of her own daughter and grandson with his blessing took monastic vows . Galileo before the end of the day remained obedient son of the Catholic Church , the sixth famous academician of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, whose works are very highly revered by his contemporaries not only from the academic world, but also from a church environment. Popes Paul V and Urban VIII spoke highly of his discoveries , and Paul V even defended by Galileo fair criticism of the Jesuit fellow scientists about comets.
Biblical and scientific
The main thing that caused a violent conflict in the western world between the burgeoning experimental science and the Catholic Church , some dogmatic scientific views millennium and half of antiquity - the question of the position of the Earth in the universe. The entire Biblical story of creation to the end takes place on Earth. Christ came to earth to save the sinful human race . According to Aristotle , in the center of the universe is the earth , and it rushes down all the heavy , real . Over it - seven heavenly spheres , and a set of fixed stars on Primum universe , God giving movement throughout . The biblical picture of the world of natural science and firmly united , unfortunately for both . You have to wonder courage of Galileo, who has criticized the views of Aristotle and was not afraid to be burned after being convicted in 1600 of G. Bruno openly defend the views of Copernicus , whose teaching in 1616 was recognized as a heresy , which is incompatible with the truths of Scripture. Particularly angered his detractors Galileo propaganda of the heliocentric system of the world , because the rotation of the Earth contradicts the text of the Psalms ( Psalm 103 : 5 ) , the verse from Ecclesiastes ( Ekk. 1: 5 ) , as well as an episode of the "Book of Joshua " (Joshua 10 : 12 ) , which states that, as Joshua begged God to stop the sun, not the earth. Recall that Aristotle, and the ancient Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy ( c. 87 - 165 ) defended the geocentric model of the universe with the Earth at the center of the universe, which was adopted in the West and the Arab world to create a heliocentric - with the Sun at the center of Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1543 g . ) .
Brilliant scientist Catholic Church for Copernicanism judged twice - in 1616 and in 1633 respectively. The verdict of the first trial was soft . The Grand Inquisitor , Robert Bellarmine forbade Galilee to preach the doctrine of the immobility of the Sun and the Earth moves around it as contrary to the Bible. But as a convenient mathematical model - thought Cardinal - Copernicanism can be used. After the second trial, over -written book , the scientist was forced to his knees to recant heliocentrism . In our view , Galileo on trial in 1633 said the words that had an important line of demarcation between science and religion : "The Bible shows us the way to heaven, but does not specify how the heavens move ." Modern researchers Annibale Fantoli and Charles Hammel believe that the facts of the dispute and the science of the church during this period , in fact, was not the fight of faith and knowledge , and the clash of two conflicting scientific systems (scientists , the Jesuits were also prominent astronomers of the time ) . However , none of the old Ptolemaic science nor new - heliocentric was not sufficient arguments for the final victory . They appeared only in the 19th century, when using stellar parallax and the Foucault pendulum was conclusively proven the Earth's motion around the Sun. Thus, even in the sharp opposition of the conflict between religion and science were not.
Whatever the reasons for the trial of Galileo , the consequences of this judgment were sad . Science and the Catholic Church were in a tough opposition . Scientific thought in the south of Europe gradually came to a standstill , and the development of science centers have moved to Protestant countries , where the ideas of Galileo were picked up and developed.
In 1979, on the initiative of Pope John Paul II was a commission for the rehabilitation of Galileo, and October 31, 1992 Pope officially recognized that the Inquisition in 1633 was a mistake .
The past year 2009 was dedicated to the 400th anniversary of Galileo's telescope invention . It was the International Year of Astronomy , declared by the United Nations, and the Vatican joined his conduct . Galileo was a " man of faith who tried , in the context of his time , to reconcile the results of their research with the fundamentals of the Christian faith - the official statement printing service of the Holy See - that Galileo deserves our recognition and gratitude ."
In conclusion we can say that in our Russian society has recently proved the age-old conflict between science and religion . Model of interaction between Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian scientific community, just line up , and so it is especially important not to repeat the tragic mistakes of Western Christians in this sensitive area - the interaction of scientific and religious worldviews.