Dmitry Mayorov 2
Social and philosophical aspects of natural theology
to strengthen the solidarity of the Russian society
The problem of the relationship of the individual and the many, the individual and society is the central theme of the social philosophy of the first philosophical work to this day. Depending on in which episteme solve this problem, we obtain various models of social and personal reality - as komplementranyh each other and kontrarnyh . Nebesspornym but promising fields of a single search base of social and individual universe . In the social philosophy of the early XX century, the question posed in the work of Georg Simmel , "How can society? ", Giving rise to new studies so far . The present work provides one of the answers to this question from the point of view of special epiphenomenon of social reality , which was investigated in philosophy and phenomenology of religion - natural theology ( in the future we will use the abbreviation ET) .
ET means different things in the Christian West and the East. In Medieval Western philosophy ET - search Absolute forces of " natural reason ", implicitly and explicitly acting in various systems of metaphysics , mainly Thomistic tradition. In the East - this is the initial and limited way of knowing God is not disappearing , however, and when a person has received the Holy Scriptures , or divine revelation , and believe in him.
Social and philosophical tradition ET less developed - both in the West and the East. From ancient times to the present philosophers different answer to the question "how can society? " And solved it , learning the basics. "I" and "you" , the subject -subject dialogue ( between man and God , man and man ) is impossible without the recognition of the Other. Interactive philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach , Martin Buber , Bakhtin , N.Berdyaev receives natural development in the works of the classics of social and philosophical and sociological thought , such as Max Weber , P. Berger, Wundt , I. Goffman , F. Dallmer , Dilthey , Emile Durkheim , Cooley , M. Lazarus , G. Lebon , T. Luckman , M. Merlo - Ponti , J. Meade, J. Moreno , S. Moskovisi , H. Ortega Gasset , Rickert , G. Tarde , E. Fromm , Habermas , M. Scheller , G. Steinthal .
Social philosophy is closely related to sociology as a discipline of practical application , expresses the activity of its discourse . It is therefore necessary to consider and sociological aspects of the ET . The universe of social life has some common centrifugal forces , one of which - the religious society based on individual religiosity . This is entirely in the spirit of sociological observation ET Cicero described in the " Nature of the Gods" . In contemporary social philosophy, this phenomenon is referred to as "social solidarity" regardless of what it is induced - either religious or universal imperatives. Analysis of the forces unite society we find in the works of F. Tennis ( collective will generates a collective structure of two types: a ) natural - the basis of " gemeynshafta " ( community) and b) rational - the basis of " Gesellschaft " ( society ) ) , Sorokin (theory social stratification and social mobility ), and even the "father of sociology" Auguste Comte ( the theological stage of human development as the period of his youth ) . Of modern domestic and foreign sociological studies of greatest interest are studies in the field of social justice and social solidarity. In contemporary sociology and social philosophy there is opposition between " the two main types of conceptual understanding of social justice - a deontological postulates justice as the highest ( absolute , universal ) moral values ;;and communitarian insisting on any moral philosophy rooted in specific representations of the members of a community of what it means to live well . " "In the Russian theme of solidarity has become a major in social science since the second half of the XIX century. And here we denote two directions - the actual sociological and religious- philosophical ( ie consideration of solidarity as collegiality ) . The most important contribution to the study of solidarity made ;;Bakunin , PL Lavrov , L. Mechnikov , PA Kropotkin , Mikhailovsky , MM Kovalevsky , P. Sorokin , etc. This powerful , received recognition abroad scientific tradition was interrupted by the October revolution , his original sequel it received through the efforts of the Russian emigration S. Levitsky and other Solidarists . "
In the domestic social science and philosophy have become ideologically kontrarnymi formational and civilizational approach to understanding society. ET discourse , of course, is the most responsible civilizational approach , because the core of the cultural - historical type anyway by religious civilization. The philosophy of history interprets the social and philosophical paradigms in relation to the dynamics and statics of social development. Social aspects of ET in eksteriorizuruyutsya constituted and the laws of social development. The structure of the individual being again substantiates ET laws written by the apostle Paul, " in the human heart ." About the innate religiosity of a person and a half centuries after Paul wrote Tertullian in "De testimonium animi" and "Apologeticum". Civilizational approach described N. Danilevsky , O. Spengler , P. Sorokin , A. Toynbee , S. Hantgtingtonom . The elements of this approach are found in the works of Georges Bataille Religious , Max Weber , William James , C. Dawson , Emile Durkheim , Claude Levi -Strauss , M. Muller , R. Otto , T. Parsons , M. Scheler , J. . Fraser , B. Schmidt , M. Eliade , Karl Jaspers .
The value of social and philosophical significance of ET in strengthening the solidarity of the Russian society can be summarized in a few non-obvious thesis , receiving justification not only in the theoretical discourse , but the praxis of social communications .
1. In theistic traditions ET does not exist as an independent field , and as an initial way of knowing God , which is necessary for the completeness of the Divine Revelation . However, the text of scripture theistic religions do not deny the way of natural knowledge of God (ET) , in fact - in the sacred texts confirmed the continuing importance of the ET .
2 . Based on this study were formulated and proved two principles ET - its naturalness and limitations. It is common ground in the ET theistic faiths . These principles not only substantiated dogma theistic religions, but also interpreted in the philosophy of religion. However, the ET of different faiths are different from each other. So in Orthodox ET author found five characteristics that distinguish it from the ET Catholicism and Protestantism. These differences may contribute to mutually enriching interfaith dialogue. This , ultimately , promotes solidarity of the Russian society , presented by the Orthodox majority of Russians.
3 . Social and philosophical problems ET consist in strengthening and developing the solidarity of social institutions - civil society , the scientific community and religious organizations. Family , community, society, nation, in particular chronotope ET are deontological reasoning and communicative .
4 . Interreligious dialogue is comprehended in terms of social philosophy , is the most significant justification for a well-established and traditional theistic religions representation of the one God and Creator of the world .
5 . The processes of socialization, self-identification , disclosure of its spiritual and moral potential , intentional setting exteriorized and verbalized most of the people in the tradition of ET - implicitly , on the basis of the sacred texts , and explicitly , in the everyday practice of socio- cultural communications .
References:
1.Georg Simmel . Favorites . Volume 2 . Contemplation of life - M. Lawyer , 1996 . S. 513 : " So, the question is: what exactly is universal and a priori basis , what conditions must act in order to separate , specific processes in the individual consciousness are real processes of socialization , which of the elements they contain make it possible as result abstractly speaking, the production of individuals' social cohesion ? "
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